"In the Saha World, having accomplished Unsur-
passed, Proper, Equal, Right Enlightenment, he
has taught the Dharma which all the world is
reluctant to believe, in the kalpa turbidity,
the views turbidity, the afflictions turbidity,
the living beings turbidity, and the life-span
turbidity."  (18)

    The Buddhas of the six directions continue
to speak in praise of Shakyamuni Buddha, saying
what a very difficult thing he has done. Specifi-
cally, sahayam loka-dhatau "in the Saha World,"
Shakyamuni Buddha's anuttaram samyaksambodhim
abhisambudhya-- "having accomplished Unsurpass-
ed, Proper, Equal, Right Enlightenment" -- was
very difficult thing to do. The Saha Loka-dhatu
or "Saha World-system" was discussed fully in
VBS issue #70.  The root û sah- means "able to
endure," for the living beings in this world-
system, which is ours right now, are able to
put up with constant bitter suffering yet still
feel there is a lot of happiness to be obtained
in this world.  Actually, the nature of the Saha
World is such that any happiness in it is only
the cause of future suffering, and so its inhabi-
tants constantly mistake suffering for bliss.
anuttaram samyaksambodhim "Unsurpassed, Proper,
Equal, Right Enlightenment" was discussed in
issue #125.  It is the direct object of the
gerund abhisambudhya "having accomplished,"
literally "having thoroughly and properly
awakened," also discussed in that lesson.

     Not only was Shakyamuni Buddha able to
become a Buddha in such a world, but also by
him there was dharma desitah, literally "Dharma
taught."  "He has taught the Dharma."  The
phrase is literally a passive construction,
dharmo being nominative singular masculine,
with the predicate expressed by desitah, perfect
passive participle formed from the causative
stem of root û dis- "point out/show."  This is
a regular form in Buddhist Sanskrit meaning to
teach or make known, almost always with Dharma
as its object.  The present active indicative
(sometimes appearing as deseti).  The agent in
passive constructions is expressed in the in-
strumental case, and "he" is understood from the
previous sentence which had bhagavata  sakyamunina
sakyadhirajena  "(the)  (World-) Honored One
Shakyamuni, the Supreme Sakyan King," discussed
in issue #166.

    That Dharma is described as being aanvft-
loka-vipratyayaniyo "accented reluctantly."
sarva means "all," loha means "world," and the
two words are in compound with the gerundive
vipratyayaniya "accepted reluctantly/ believed
with difficulty."  The three words compose an
adjective modifying dharmo "Dharma," and so
the compound is nominative singular masculine.
vipratyayaniya is a Buddhist Sanskrit form,
composed of the prefix vi- which here has a
negative force, and has been translated "with
difficulty," or "reluctantly."  In transposing
the passive construction of the Sanskrit to
the active construction more familiar in English,
it has become  "is reluctant to."  Next there
is the prefix prati combined with root û i-.
The combination gives prati, appearing in the
present tense (3rd sing. pres. act. indic.) as
pratyeti,  causative pratyayati "he/she/it re-
cognizes/accepts/believes.   the force of the
gerundive  in this passage is "to be believed,"
and the prefix vi- adds the limitation:  it's
hard for all the world to do so-again a pass-
ive construction, since sarva-loka would be
in the instrumental case if not in compound,
and so becomes the subject when turned around
to the active version.  Actually, sarva-loka
could also be plural, "all worlds," since it
is in compound and so not specified as to
singular or plural.