Lesson 11


The Passive

 

The passive is created by adding -y- to the root (usually in the weak grade)
and using the Atmanepada endings.

The nasal added to the root is dropped: muc-, mubcati, pass. mucyate.

-i and -u in the root is usually lenghtened: ji-, jiyate, stu-, stuyate (to praise).

Final -a is usually changed into -i: da-, pass. diyate (to give).

Verbs of the X class drop -aya- but the stem usually retains the form it had in the active: cur-, corayati. pass. coryate.

Final -r is usually changed into -ri: kr-, pass. kriyate (to do) but after two vowels is changed into -ar: smr-, smaryate (to remember), sometimes even into -ir or -ur: tr-, tiryate; pr-, puryate (to fill).

The consonant -v- is changed into -u- in these roots: vac-, ucyate (to say); vap-, upyate (to sow); vas-, usyate (to dwell); vah-, uhyate (to carry); vad-, udyate (to say); svap-, supyate (to sleep). The passive is used very often in classical Sanskrit. It is used with the instrumental case.


Text (read and translate):

 

1. ramena putravadyopaniyete iti wruyate |
2. rsirnrpena dharmaj prcchyate |

3. ghatau ghrtena puryete |

4. vihagah pawairbadhyante |

5. janairnagaraj gamyate |

6. he wisya gurunahuyadhve |

7. naraih katah kriyante |

8. kavibhirnrpah sada stuyante |

9. prabhuta bhiksa grhasthasya bharyaya bhiksubhyo diyate |

10. kanyabhyaj gitaj giyate |

11. stenairlokanaj vasu coryate |

12. isubhi rane 'rayo nrpatina jiyante |

13. he devau sadhubhih sada smaryethe |

14. dandena wiwavah wisyante |

15. prabhutah kasthanaj bharo narenohyate |

16. awvena jalaj piyate |

17. dharmena rajyaj wisyate nrpena |

18. sarpena dawyete narau |

19. sutenawvastadyate |

20. guruna moksasya margo diwyate |

21. sadhubhih sada satyamucyate |


The exercise key


Translate to Sanskrit:

 

1. Girls bind garlands (pass).

2. Hari is again praised by Rama.

3. Vishnu drinks water from his hand (pass).

4. "In the shade is comfortably slept," is said by people.

5. Grain is sown in the fields.

6. It is played with dices.

7. Holy man always speaks truth (pass).

8. Jars are being filled with grain.


The exercise key


Vocabulary:

 

kr-, pass. kriyate: to do

ga-, gayati (IV): to sing

daw-, dawati (I): to bite

da-, pass. diyate: to give

pr-, pass. puryate: to fill

badh-, pass. badhyate: to bind

vap-, vapati (I): to sow

was-, pass. wisyate: to rule, to punish

wru-, pass. wruyate: to hear

ajba-, f.: order

kastha-, n.: wood

gita-, n.: song

ghata-, m.: pot, jar

ghrta-, n.: clarified butter, ghee

dhanya-, n.: grain

pawa-, m.: snare, trap

bhara-, m.: burden, load

bhiksu-, m.: Buddhist monk, mendicant, beggar

mala-, f.: garland

rajya-, n.: kingdom

wiwu-, m.: child

sarpa-, m.: snake, serpent