Lesson 8


Verbs of the X. class add -aya- instead of just -a- to the root (usually strengthened): cur-, corayati (to steal), vid-, vedayati (to make known); but: pid-, pidayati (to torture). If the root ends in a vowel, it is strengthened into vrddhi grade: dhr-, dharayati (to hold), bhi-, bhayayati (to cause fear). The vowel -a- between consonants is sometimes lengthened and sometimes not: ksal-, ksalayati (to wash); jan-, janayati (to give birth, to generate).


Sandhi rules:

 

-t at as a word's final is changed into -d before voiced consonants (except for palatals, -w and -l) and vowels: meghat atra -> meghadatra (here from the cloud).

Before palatals, -l and -n this final -t becomes assimilated: meghat ca -> meghacca (and from the cloud), lokat janah -> lokajjanah (from the world people), papat lokah -> papallokah (from the sin the world), grhat narah -> grhannarah (a man from the house).

Before -w it is changed into -ch: nrpat watruh -> nrpaccahtruh (from the king an enemy).


Text (read and translate):

 

1. stenah suvarnaj nrpasya grhaccorayati |

2. gururdandena wisyajstadayati |

3. bhrtya nrpaya navinani vastranyaharanti |

4. purane devanaj vrttantani pathamah |

5. wudrasya grhaj brahmano na visati |

6. wastre manusyasya dharmah |

7. suto 'wvanpidayati |

8. rsirjalena pani ksalayati |

9. gramajjanannagaramanayanti |

10. narau rupakani ganayatah |

11. ramasya putrau ramayanaj kathayatah |

12. suvarnaj panibhyaj tolayamah |

13. janakah putrankopaddandayati |

14. grhalloka agacchanti |

15. punyena sadhurduhkhani parayati |

16. devaniva nrpatijllokah pujayati |

17. navinaj vrttantaj kuto na kathayasiti janah prcchanti |


The exercise key


Translate to Sanskrit:

 

1. Boys (Du.) wash their faces.

2. Father tells son about fruits of sins.

3. Merit protects from grief.

4. Shudras are not (stha-) among twice-borns.

5. Old stories are like trees with a lot of fruit.

6. King counts fighters and shows [them] the way with a sword.

7. "Why do you beat me," asks the servant the king.

8. Why does the charioteer torture the horse?

9. I want new clothes.


The exercise key


Vocabulary:

 

kath-, kathayati (X): to tell, to narrate

ksal-, ksalayati (X): to wash

gan-, ganayati (X): to count

cur-, corayati (X): to steal

tad-, tadayati (X): to beat

tul-, tolayati (X): to lift up, to weigh

dand-, dandayati (X): to beat, to punish

pid-, pidayati (X): to torture, to hurt

puj-, pujayati (X): to honour, to worship, to revere

pr-, parayati (X): to overcome

a+hr-, aharati (I): to bring

danda-, m.: stick, punishment

punya-, n.: merit

purana-, n.: old story, Purana (kind of Hindu scripture)

bhrtya-, m.: servant

ramayana-, n.: epos Ramayana

rupaka-, n.: coin

vastra-, n.: clothing

vrttanta-, n.: story

wudra-, m.: Shudra (low-caste)

sadhu-, m.: holy man

suvarna-, n.: gold

suta-, m.: charioteer

stena-, m.: thief, robber

navina-, adj.: new

iva, part.: as, like, as if

mam: me (Acc.)