連續體、絕對體 (GerundAbsolutive)

具格的進一步用法 (Instrumental Case)

現在分詞 (Present Participles)

 

 

 

壹‧連續體、絕對體 (GerundAbsolutiveContinuous)

1.連續體的構成

 

 

 

字根 (少數)

現在式語基

( i )

( e )

-tva , -tvana , -tuna , -ya

-tu , -tum , -ya (cca) , -yana

 

連續體分詞屬「不變化分詞(Indeclinable Participle)」,沒有語尾變化。

 

2.連續體的字例

 

(1) 最常見為 + (i e) + -tva , -tvana , -tuna , -ya

 

字根 現在式 -tva -tvana -tuna -ya

========== ---------- ------------ ------------- ------------- -----------

(k)kam kamati kamitva -kamituna -kamma

kar karoti katva katvana kattuna -kariya

karitva katuna -kiriya

kath katheti kathetva

gam gacchati gantva gantvana gantuna -gamma

gamitva

gan ganeti ganetva

(g)gah gaheti gahetva gahetvana gayha

ganhati ganhitva ganhiya

dis dassati disva disvana

das dassati dassitva

字根 現在式 -tva -tvana -tuna -ya

========== ---------- ------------ ------------- ------------- -----------

dha 放置 dahati dahitva dhaya

dayha

pa pivati pivitva

pitva

man 思考 mabbati mantva mantvana mantuna

muc 解脫 mubcati mutva -mubca

mubcitva mubciya

 

(2) 也有 + (i e) + -tu , -tum , -ya (cca) , -yana 的:

 

字根 現在式 -tu -tum -ya (cca) -yana

========= --------- ----------- ------------- --------------- -------------

das dassati datthu

har harati -hatthum -hacca

kar karoti -kacca

han hanati -hacca

vid vindati -vicca

tar tarati -tariyana

vad vadati -vadiyana

 

3.連續體的「意義」:

 

表達「主要動詞(Main Verb)動作」'之前'的一連串具有時間先後順序

的動作。

 

4.連續體的「使用時機」:

 

必須所有動作(包括主要動詞)的「動作者(Agent)"相同"時才能使用。

 

5.連續體動作的「時間」:

 

連續體為不變化分詞,不能由其本身看出「動作的時間」(ie,過去、現

在、未來),而必須由「主要動詞」來判斷。

 

6.句型與例句:

 

 

<主詞> <連續體子句1> ... <連續體子句N> <主要動詞V>

表達:「主詞」依序做了「連續體子句」1~N,做「主要動作V」。

 

(1) 他殺了敵人之後,我到來。 (After he killed the enemy , I came. )

(「作者」不同,不能用連續體表達)

 

 

(2) so arim hantva gamam agacchi = 他殺了敵人,然後到村子來。 (過去式)

(he killed the enemy and (then) came to the village)

(3) so arim hantva gamam agamissati = 他在殺了敵人之後,將到村子來。

(未來式) (having killed the enemy, he will come to the village)

 

(4) 經文例句

 

Savatthiyam viharati. ... Atha kho ayasma kaccanagotto yena bhagava

tenupasavkami. upasavkamitva bhagavantam abhivadetva ekamantam

nisidi. = ... 住在舍衛城。那時,尊者迦旃延氏前去參訪世尊,到了

之後,向世尊問訊,然後,坐於一面。 (While the Blessed One was

at Savatthi the venerable Kaccayana of that clan came to visit him.

Having approached, he saluted the Blessed One, and then sat down at

one side.) (S.II.p.16-p.17.L3,迦旃延氏)

Atha kho Bhagava pubbanha-samayam nivasetva patta-civaram adaya

Rajagaham pindaya pavisi. = 那時,世尊一早著衣持上衣及缽

[而後]入王舍城乞食。 (Then, when it was morning, the Blessed

One dressed and taking his outer robe and bowl, went into Rajagaha

for alms.) (D.III.p.180.L9-10,教授尸伽羅越經)

 

 

 

貳‧具格的進一步用法 (Futher Uses of the Instrumental Case)

1.具格的進一步用法

 

(1) 表示「伴隨(accompaniment)」:「與...()

 

brahmanena saddhim = 與婆羅門在一起 (with the priest /accompanied

by the priest)

samanena manteti = 與沙門共論 (he discusses with the ascetic)

 

(2) 表示「具有、具足(possession,endowment)

 

silehi samannagato = 具足眾戒 (endowed with virtues)

 

(3) 表示「原因、理由(cause)」:「因...而、以...()

 

bhagavata vadena kupito = 因世尊的話而憤怒 (angry at (with) the

fortunate one's statement)

civarena santuttho = 滿足於()衣服 (satisfied with the robe)

幾個表達「原因、理由」的字

 

--- atthena = 因為 (because of...)

--- kenacid eva karaniyena = 因某事之故 (engaged in some bussiness)

--- imina p' avgena = 由於這個理由 (for this reason)

--- imina pariyayena = 基於這個原因 (through this course)

 

(4) 表示動作的「途徑、方向(way,direction)」:「經由、藉由」

 

dvarena = 由此門(進入/離開) (by /through the gate) (entering,

leaving)

 

(5) 表示動作的「方式、狀態(manner,way)」或做「副詞」(...)

 

kayena patisamvedeti = 他以身體覺受 (he experiences through his

body)

santena = 寂靜地 (calmly)

kicchena me adhigatam = 我艱辛證得的 (I understood with difficulty)

 

(6) 表達「時間之'經過'(time by means of which)」或「在某特定時間

(particular time at which)

 

aparena samayena = 其後、過了些時候 (after some time)

tena samayena = 那時 (at that time)

rabbo accayena = 在國王死後 (after the passing away of the king)

 

2.具格的再進一步用法

 

 

(1) 表示「充滿(filled with)」:

 

Kusavati Ananda rajadhani dasahi saddehi avivitta ahosi diva c'eva ratti

(rattim). = 阿難!拘舍婆提王都晝夜充滿(不離)十種聲音 (A-

nanda, the city of Kusavati was never free of ten sounds by day or

night.) (D.II.p.147.L7-8,大般涅槃經)

 

(2) 表示「比較的對象(comparison with)

 

Purisena va purisam karitva ... = 或者男子與男子比較之後 ... (Or

having compared men with men ...) (D.I.p.98.L8,阿摩晝經)

 

(3) 表示「交通工具(vehicle)」:

 

Ambattho manavo... yavatika yanassa bhumi yanena gantva yana pacc-

orohitva pattiko va aramam pavisi. = 阿摩晝青年婆羅門... 乘車

車乘能到之處,下車,而後步行進入園林。 (The young priest Am-

battha drove as far as the carriage would go, then alighted and continued

on foot entered the park.) (D.I.p.89.L15-17,阿摩晝經)

 

(4) 表示做某事的「動機(motive)」:「出於...

 

 

Siya kho pana bhikkhave Satthu-garavena pi na puccheyyatha ... =

許,諸比丘!你們是出於對老師的尊敬而不()發問 ... (Perhaps,

monks, you do not ask out of respect for the Teacher ...) (D.II.p.155.

L15-16,大般涅槃經)

 

(5) 表示「度量(measure)」:「長...」、「寬...

 

Rabbo Ananda Maha-Sudassanassa ayam Kusinara Kusavati nama Raja-

dhani ahosi, puratthimena ca pacchimena ca dvadasa-yojanani ayamena

uttarena ca dakkhinena ca sattayojanani vittharena. = 阿難!此拘尸那

羅城即是當時大善見王之王都,名為拘舍婆提,東西長十二由旬,

南北寬七由旬。 (And, Ananda, this King Maha-Sudassana has this very

Kusinara, under the name of Kusavati, for his capital. And it was twelve

yojanas long from east to west, and seven yojanas wide from north to

south.) (D.II.p.146.L25-28,大般涅槃經)

 

(6) 表達「種性、族姓(clan,family)

 

Vipassi bhikkhave bhagava araham sammasambuddho Kondabbo gottena

ahosi. ... Aham bhikkhave etarahi araham sammasambuddho Gotamo

gottena ahosim. = 諸比丘!那時毘婆尸世尊、阿羅漢、正遍覺者

憍陳若 ... 諸比丘!現在我阿羅漢、正遍覺者姓喬達摩 (Monks,the

Lord Buddha Vipassi fully-enlightened One was of the Kondabba clan ;

... Monks, I who am now the Arahant and fully-enlightened One am of

the Gotama clan.) (D.II.p.3.L12-22,大本經)

 

(7) 表達「與...別異、離異、不伴隨(dissociation)

 

' Ko nu kho bho abbo pahoti abbatra Maha-Govindena brahmanenqti '

= 大德!(那六位朋友回答說:)「除大典尊婆羅門之外,其他

有誰能夠呢!」 ('Who indeed, Lord, if not the Great Steward ') (D.

II.p.234.L25-26,大典尊經)

Katamo ca bhikkhave piyehi vippayogo dukkho = 再者,諸比丘!

什麼是「愛別離(與所愛別離之苦)」的內容呢? (And, monks,

what is the suffering of being separated from the loved ) (D.II.p.306.

note.3. L7-8,大念處經)

 

(8) 作為「憂惱(不樂)、慚愧、嫌惡...」等動詞之「對象」,作用有

如「對格」。(to be disgusted with ...) (或者亦可視為「原因」)

 

So tena papakena kammena attiyati harayati jigucchati. = 他對那惡業不

樂、慚愧、厭惡。 (He is horrified, humiliated, and disgusted with that

bad action.) (Vin.I.p.88.L5-6,律藏‧大品)

 

3.其他與具格相關的慣用語:

 

asanena nimanteti = 邀請入座(以座位招待)(he invites to sit down /

he offers a seat)

kalena kalam = 時時、經常 (from time to time/regularly)

labhena labham = 以利求利(貪得無厭)(from gain to gain, wishing

always for more gain /with one gain on to another)

abbena abbam = 異問異答(問東答西/以不對題的話回答)(other with

other/irrelevantly)

sabbena sabbam = 一切的一切、完全的、澈底的 (all with all, completely,

absolutely thoroughly)

 

4.具格用法歸納

 

具格主要有以下幾類用法:

 

 

(1) 以、用,由 (by,through,in)

 

表示動作的「工具、方式、狀態」,被動句的「動作者」,「途徑、

方向」、「交通工具」或作「副詞」。

 

(2) 因、由 (because)

 

表示「原因、理由」,「動機(出於...)」。

 

 

(3) (with)

 

表示「伴隨」,「比較」,「具有、具足」,「充滿」,或(

義的)「除外、別異、離異」。

 

 

(4) ...時間 (time)

 

表達「時間之'經過',「在某特定時間」,「年齡」等。

 

(5) 於、在...方面 (in some respects)

 

度量(長寬)、類別(種性)等。

 

 

參‧現在(主動)分詞 (Present (Active) Participles)

1.現在分詞的構成:

 

 

現在式動詞語基

-nt(a) -mana -ana

 

2.語尾變化:隨子音結尾的「-ant,ppr.」或母音結尾的「-a」變化。

 

3.字例:

 

字根 現在式動詞3pl. -nt(a) -mana -ana

========== ------------------ -------------- --------------- ------------

as , sa-nti sant(a) samana

as asa-nti asant(a) asamana

accha-nti acchant(a)

kar karo-nti karont(a) karana

kubba-nti kubbant(a) kubbamana kubbana

字根 現在式動詞3pl. -nt(a) -mana -ana

========== ------------------ -------------- --------------- ------------

gam gaccha-nti gacchant(a) gacchamana

da dada-nti dadant(a) dadamana

de-nti dent(a)

pac paca-nti pacant(a) pacamana

pass passa-nti passant(a) passamana

budh bujjha-nti bujjhant(a) bujjhamana

bhu bhava-nti bhavant(a) bhavamana

hu ho-nti hont(a)

si se-nti semana

saya-nti sayant(a) sayamana sayana

 

 

4.現在分詞的「意義」:

 

通常表示與「主要動詞」之動作同時發生的動作。

 

5.現在分詞的「用法」:

 

(1) 用於分詞子句 (「性、數、格」隨所修飾的名詞)

 

Dhammam hi Vakkali passanto mam passati, mam passanto dhammam

passati. = 跋迦梨!一個人見法時[]就見到我;而[]見到

我時,他就見到法。 (Verily, seeing the truth,Vakkali, one sees me;

seeing me, one sees the truth.) (S.III.p.120.L29-31,跋迦梨)

Digham va assasanto : digham assasamkti pajanati, digham va passasanto

: digham passasamkti pajanati. = 或者,當他入息長的時候,他知道:

「我入息長」;或者,當他出息長的時候,他知道:「我出息長」。

(Breathing in long,he understands : ' I breathe in long';or breathing out

long, he understands : ' I breathe out long.') (M.I.p.56.L15-17, 念處

)

 

(2) 用作形容詞 (「性、數、格」隨所修飾的名詞)

 

danam dadanto puriso passati = 那個正在布施的人看見 (the person

giving gift sees)

 

(3) 用作名詞 (正做...)

 

dhavam = 正在跑的人 (the running man) (dhavamdhavant

Nom.sg. < dhavati < dhav)

 

6.代名詞「bhavant 有以下兩種用法:

 

(1) 作「現在分詞」,義謂「是(being)」,此時格變化隨 gacchant

 

(2) 作「敬稱詞」,義謂「您、大德」(siryour honour),此時格變

化不規則。

 

此字「主格」視為「第三人稱」:

 

ayam bhavam = 此尊者 (this honourable)

 

此字「呼格」視為「第二人稱」:

 

tvam bho = 大德! (you sir !)

v