| Gatha | Sentence Translation | Sentence Structure |
| Vocabulary&Grammar | Commentary | Pronunciation |
Not in the air, not in the middle of the ocean, not entering
the hole in the mountains.
There is no place in the world, where being, one would
not be overcome by death.
na antalikkhe na samudda+majjhe na pabbatanaj
vivaraj pavissa
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neg. N.n. neg. N.m.
Adj.m. neg. N.m.
N.n. V.ger.
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Loc.Sg. | Gen.Pl.
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List of Abbreviations
na vijjati
so jagati+ppadeso yattha+tthitaj
na ppasaheyya maccu
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neg. V.act.in. Pron.m. N.n.
N.m. Rel.Adv. Adj.m. neg. V.act.
N.m.
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Acc.Sg. | 3.Sg.opt. Nom.Sg.
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na, neg.: not.
antalikkhe: antalikkha-, N.n.: sky, atmosphere. Loc.Sg. = antalikkhe.
na, neg.: not.
samuddamajjhe: samuddamajjha-, Adj.: middle
of the ocean. It is a compound of:
samudda-, N.m.: sea, ocean.
majjha-, Adj.: middle.
Loc.Sg.m. = samuddamajjhe.
na, neg.: not.
pabbatanaj: pabbata-, N.m.: mountain. Gen.Pl. = pabbatanaj.
List of Abbreviations
vivaraj: vivara-, N.n.: opening, hole. Acc.Sg. = vivaraj.
pavissa, V.ger.: having entered. The verb root is vis- (to enter) with the strengthening prefix pa-.
na, neg.: not.
vijjati, V.: exists, is found. The verb root is vid- (to find). 3.Sg.pas.in.pres. = vijjati. The form vijjati is sometimes used in poetry.
so: tad-, Pron.n.: it. Nom.Sg.m. = so.
jagatippadeso: jagatippadesa-, N.m.: a place
in the world. It is a compound of:
jagat-, N.n.: world. Compound
form = jagati-.
padesa-, N.m.: place, spot,
location, district.
Euphonic combination: jagati- + padesa-
= jagatippadesa-.
Nom.Sg. = jagatippadeso.
List of Abbreviations
yatthatthitaj:
yatthatthita-, Adj.: where being. It
is a compound of:
yattha, Rel.Adv.: where.
thita-,
Adj.: being, lit. standing. It is a p.p. of the verb root tha-
(to stand).
Euphonic combination: yattha + thita-
= yatthatthita-.
Acc.Sg.m. = yatthatthitaj.
na, neg.: not.
pasaheyya, V.: would use force, would subdue, would
overcome. The verb root is sah- (to conquer) with the emphasizing
prefix pa-. 3.Sg.act.opt. = pasaheyya.
Euphonic combination na + pasaheyya = nappasaheyya.
maccu: maccu-, N.m.: death. Nom.Sg. = maccu.
List of Abbreviations
In the first line of this verse, there
are three syntactically isolated incomplete sentences. They are:
1) na antalikkhe (not in the
air). The subject and verb are omitted. The verb "to be" is implied and
it is negated by the negative particle na (not). It has an attribute,
the noun antalikkhe (in the air, locative singular).
2) na samuddamajjhe (not in
the middle of the ocean). The subject and verb are omitted. The verb "to
be" is implied and it is negated by the negative particle na (not).
It has an attribute, the compound samuddamajjhe (in the middle of
the ocean, locative singular).
3) na pabbatanaj
vivaraj pavissa (not entering the hole
in the mountains). The subject is omitted. The verb is pavissa (having
entered, gerundive). It is negated by the negative particle na (not).
The object is the noun vivaraj (the
hole, accusative singular) with its attribute, the noun pabbatanaj
(of mountains, genitive plural).
The second line forms the main sentence.
It can be further subdivided into two segments:
1) na vijjati
so jagatippadeso (there is no place in the world). The subject is the
compound jagatippadeso (a place in the world, nominative singular).
It has an attribute, the personal pronoun so (that, nominative singular).
The verb is vijjati (exists, 3rd
person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). It is negated by
the negative particle na (not).
2) yatthatthitaj
nappasaheyya maccu (where being one would not be overcome by death).
The subject is the noun maccu (death, nominative singular). The
object is the compound yatthatthitaj
(standing where, accusative singular). The verb is pasaheyya (would
be overcome, 3rd person, singular, active, optative). It is
negated by the negative particle na (not).
Buddha had also some enemies. One of
them was his own cousin Devadatta who wanted to take the Buddha's place
in the Community. Devadatta's father was king Suppabuddha. He was also
an enemy of the Buddha, because the Buddha married Suppabuddha's daughter,
Yasodhara, and later left her and became a
monk.
When the Buddha came for almsfood
to his place, the king got drunk and blocked the way. He refused to make
way for the Buddha. The Buddha turned around and went back, saying to the
monks that the king make a bad karma by refusing to make way for a Buddha
and would have to face the consequences very soon.
Suppabuddha wanted to prove the Buddha
wrong, so he paid special attention to his deeds and also instructed his
servants to protect him very carefully. But on the seventh day he heard
his horse neighing loudly and kicking about. He wanted to handle the horse
and went down to the stable. He fell down the stairs and died immediately.
The Buddha remarked that one can not
escape death no matter how one tries, no matter where on hides.
Word pronunciation:
na
antalikkhe
samuddamajjhe
samudda
majjhe
pabbatanaj
vivaraj
pavissa
vijjati
so
jagatippadeso
jagati
padeso
yatthatthitaj
yattha
thitaj
pasaheyya
maccu