Gatha | Sentence Translation | Sentence Structure |
Vocabulary&Grammar | Commentary | Pronunciation |
There are plenty of those who are wearing monk's robe
but are of evil nature and without self-control.
These evil ones will be reborn in hell because of their
evil deeds.
kasava+kantha
bahavo papa+dhamma
asabbata
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N.n. Adj.m. Adj.m.
Adj. Adj.m. Adj.m.
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Nom.Pl. Nom.Pl. | Nom.Pl.
Nom.Pl.
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List of Abbreviations
papa
papehi kammehi nirayaj
te upapajjare
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Adj.m. Adj.n. N.n.
N.m. Pron.m. V.med.in.
Nom.Pl. Ins.Pl. Ins.Pl. Acc.Sg. Nom.Pl.
3.Pl.pres.
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kasavakantha:
kasavakantha-,
Adj.: wearing a monk's robe (lit. with a robe around the neck). It is a
compound of:
kasava-,
Adj.: yellow. As an N.n.: monk's robe.
kantha-,
N.m.: neck, throat.
Nom.Pl.m. = kasavakantha.
bahavo: bahu-, Adj.: many, much, very. Nom.Pl.m. = bahavo.
papadhamma:
papadhamma-, N.m.: having evil nature.
It is a compound of:
papa-,
Adj.: evil, wrong. As an N.n.: evil, wrong doing.
dhamma-, N.m.: here does not
mean Buddha's teaching, but should be interpreted rather as "state" or
"nature".
Nom.Pl.m. = papadhamma.
asabbata:
asabbata-, Adj.: unrestrained, without
self-control. It is a p.p. of the verb yam- (to restrain, to become
tranquil) with the prefix sam- (together), negated by the negative
prefix a-.
Nom.Pl.m. = asabbata.
List of Abbreviations
papa: papa-, Adj.: evil, wrong, bad. Nom.Pl.m. = papa.
papehi: papa-, Adj.: see above. Ins.Pl.n. = papehi.
kammehi: kamma-, N.n.: deed, action. Derived from the verb kar- (to do). Ins.Pl. = kammehi.
nirayaj: niraya-, N.m.: hell. Acc.Sg. = nirayaj.
te: tat-, Pron.: that. Masculine form sa-. Nom.Pl. = te.
upapajjare, V.: are reborn, get to, rise. The verb root is pad- (to come) with the prefix upa- (near, to). 3.Pl.med.in.pres. = upapajjare.
List of Abbreviations
This verse consists of two syntactically
separate sentences. They are:
1) kasavakantha
bahavo papadhamma
asabbata
(there are plenty of those who are wearing monk's robe but are of evil
nature and without self-control). There are three subjects, the adjectives
kasavakantha
(wearing monk's robe, nominative plural), papadhamma
(of evil nature, nominative plural) and asabbata
(without self-control, nominative plural). The verb is omitted, implying
the verb "to be". The object is the adjective bahavo (many, nominative
plural).
2) papa
papehi kammehi nirayaj
te upapajjare (these evil ones will be reborn in hell because of their
evil deeds). The subject is the pronoun te (they, nominative plural).
It has an attribute, the adjective papa
(evil, nominative plural). The verb is upapajjare (are reborn, 3rd
person, plural, medium, indicative, present tense). It has an attribute,
the noun kammehi (by deeds, instrumental plural) with its attribute,
the adjective papehi (by evil, instrumental
plural). The object is the noun nirayaj
(to hell, accusative singular).
Venerable Moggallana
once saw a group of hungry spirits (peta). When he returned to the
monastery, he asked the Buddha about the spirits. The Buddha said that
these were monks a long time ago. But they did not pay any attention to
their spiritual development and committed a lot of evil deeds. Because
of that, they were suffering in hell for a long period of time and now
were still reborn in a woeful state.
The Buddha then added this verse,
saying that if a monk does not take the monkshood seriously, he can expect
bad results.
Word pronunciation:
kasavakantha
kasava
kantha
bahavo
papadhamma
papa
dhamma
asabbata
papa
papehi
kammehi
nirayaj
te
upapajjare