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¥»¤å¬°§^®v ¨f¹l±Ð±Â¡]Professor J.W. de Jong¡^ºa
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This essay is prepared for anniversary of my
Master, Professor J.W. de Jong's honorable retirement.
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The Aspects of the Chinese Monks Practising the Vinaya
Rules and the Indian Buddhist Traditions Recorded in
the Monastic Histories
By Tso Sze-Bong
In 1981, the author published an essay on how
the Chinese clerics observed the Vinaya rules which
concern 'No Adultery' in the Hwakang Buddhist
Journal No.5. In addition to the sources mentioned
in that study, the author also found from the three
'Biographies of Eminent Buddhist Monks' and some
other religious materials that other Vinaya rules or
Indian traditions had also been practised by the
Chinese monks in the period from the 4th to 10th
century A.D. These were:
(1) The rules that concerning 'No Killing',
inculding human beings, animals, insects and
vegetable lives.
(2) The rule of 'No Intoxicating Liquor'.
(3) The rule of 'Do not Touch any kind of Money'
(4) The rule of 'No Involement in Military
Affairs'.
(5) The rule of 'No Trifling or Joking'.
(6) The rule of 'No Expacterating in Monastery'.
(7) The rule of 'Use no Bronze Bowl'
(8) The tradition of 'Eat none of the Five
Parivayayas (pungent roots)'. i.e. garlic,
leek, onion, scallion and `Hingu` .
(9) The tradition of'Use the Jar for Clean Water'.
(10) The rule of' Use the Mats made from Wool for
Sitting or Lying'.
(11) The traditions of 'Put on a Sheet of Linen',
'Put on a `Pamskula` (cast-off rag)' and 'Put
on Patched Garment'.
After the researching of this topic, the author
believes he has discovered a new reason for the
decline of Vinaya in China. In the secular world,
one who obeys the law should have to observe
356 ¶
strictly the instrution of each clause of the law.
And in the monastic world, Vinaya has the same
position as well as that of the secular world.
Regretfully, the author found that the Chinese monks
had never practised strictly in accordance with the
instruction of the Vinaya rules. For instance, a
transgressor who violated the rule of 'No Trifling
or Joking' only committed a pardonable sin of `Pataka`
and would be forgiven after having confessed in an
assembly, but Ching-ai (ÀRħ) expelled his disciple
for this transgression. Even the later begged for
forgiveness.
Again, the Vinaya instructs that one who using
bronze bowl (other bronze utensils are not committed
`Duskrta`, a most venial sin that the transgressor
would be forgiven after having confessed in front of
only one cleric. Even so, Chis-shen ( ´¼àM ) threw a
spoon away in a vegetarian banquet for this utensil
was made by bronze.
Furthermore; in accordace with the Vinaya, one
who kills vegetable lives committed `Pataka` and one
who persuades the other to kill also involved in the
transgression of Killing. Besides, one who eats leek
committed only `Duskrta` .
After reading the above-mentioned two rules,
the auther puzzled for `Ling-yu's` ( ÆF¸Î ) behaviour.
`Ling-yu` was once invited by a landlord to go to
preach and stayed in the later's house for days As
one day he learnt that the neighbouring leek grove
was belonged to his host, `Ling-yu` refused to
continue his lecture for he did no want to serve a
man who cultivated the 'Parivayaya'. Nevertheless,
the landlord destroyed the entire forty acres of
leeks with a plough in order to make `Ling-yu` to
return his mind.
In this case, `Ling-yu` grapsed his chance to
stop people from raising parivayaya as a way of
avoiding `Duskrta` , but forgot the instruction of
persuading others to kill would commit the grievous
sin of `Pataka` . As he threatened to depart from his
sermon as a way of enforcing his host to destroy the
numerous leeks, he had already committed his
persuasion.
357 ¶
As the Chinese clerics had been practising the
Vinaya rules with such a random attitude, regardless
of the exact instruction of each rule, how could
this set of religious discipline be survive in China?