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146¶
A CREATIVE-HERMENEUTIC INQUIRY INTO THE
MULTIDIMENSIONAL COMPLEXITY AND DEEP
STRUCTURE OF THE AWAKENING OF FAITH
By Charles Wei-hsun Fu
Summary
In this paper I attempt to re-investigate, as
an application of my "creative hermeneutics", the
multidimensional complexity and deep structure of
the Awakening of Faith, in order to find a new way
of critically inheriting and creatively developing
the deep and profoundly comprehensive philosophical
ideas of this important `Mahayana` treatise
(`sastra` ). My creative hermeneutics consists of
the following five hermeneutic levels or steps: (1)
"What exactly did the author (or the text) say? "
(the stage of textual criticism); (2) "What did the
author intend or mean to say? " (the stage of
dimentional, logical and contextual analyses); (3)
"What could the author have said? " or "What could
the author's sayings have implied? " (the stage of
discovery of various possible implications of the
text and hermeneutic approaches); (4) "What should
the author have said? " or "What should the
creative hermeneutican say on behalf of the author?
" (the stage of discovery of the deeper structure
of the text); and (5) "What must the author say
now? " or "What must the creative hermeneutician do
now, in order to carry out the unfinished
philosophical task of the author? " (the stage of
critical/ creative transcendence).
Based on the above hermeneutic method, I give a
critical examination of the major textual critical
studies thus far accomplished, and reach my own
conclusion on the first hermeneutic level that,
despite the fact that the problem of authorship
still remains unresolved, the text (in two
versions) has created little difficulty in so far
as the question "What exactly did the author (or
the text) say? " is concerned. On the second level,
I find that there are in the text as many as
fourteen "gates" (dimensions or aspects)
inseparable from one another, namely, the
(trans-metaphysical) gate of non-duality (or "true
emptiness"), the ( `prajno- logical` ) gate of
`paramartha/samvrti`, the (ontological) gate of
"true forms" (or "won-
147 ¶
drous manifestations"), the (cosmological) gate of
dependent origination, the (metapsychological)
gates of hsin/hsing (mind/nature), the
(psychological) gate of citta/ `vijnana`
(mind/consciousness), the (existential) gate of
awakening/nonawakening, the samsaric gate of karmic
consequences (reward/ retribution), the (
`nirvanic` ) gate of ultimate enlightenment or
salvation, the (dyanic) gate of spiritual
self-cultivation, the (ethical) gate of
bodhisattvic discipline ( `sila/vinaya` ), the
(psychotherapeutic) gate of spiritual healing, the
( `upayic` ) gate of transformational education,
and the (temporo-historical) gate of responsive
appropriateness. On the third level, we can find at
least the following four major hermeneutic
approaches to the text: the theory of dependent
origination by means of tathagata garbha, the
T'ien- t'ai's non-dualistic approach, the Japanese
Tendai's theory of original enlightenment, and the
Ch'an (Zen) approach in terms of "sudden
awakening". On the fourth level, the deep structure
of the text is found in terms of the gate of
non-duality (instead of the gate of dependent
origination by means of `tathagata-garbha`, which
has been generally accepted as the foundation since
Fa-tsang, the first and foremost master of the
Hua-yen school). On the highest hermeneutic level,
I state that we must attempt a kind of
"critical/creative transcendence" and accomplish
for the author his unfinished philosophical task,
and reach the following tentative conclusion: "The
theoretical structure of the Awakening of Faith
must have the transmetaphysical gate of non-duality
and the existential gate of awakening/nonawakening
as the twofold foundation, upon which the
`prajnological` gate of `paramartha/samvrti` can be
established; and then, based on this
`prajnological` gate, can the gate of dependent
origination by means of `tathagata-garbha` be
established, encompassing the gates of mind/nature,
of mind/consciousness, and of "true forms". As to
the remaining gates, they are all derivable from
the above fundamental gates.
In my view, the entire historical development
of the (major) Buddhist `sutras` (scriptures) and
sastras (philosophical treatises) can be construed
to make up a great history of creative hermeneutics
within the Buddhist tradition. And the Awakening of
Faith, as one of the first-rate philosophical
treatises exploring the deeper meaning and
philosophical foundation of Mahayana Buddhism, also
should be further studied in this very light for
the future development of Dharma.