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                                  260 ­¶

          Ching-`Chueh and His Heart Sutra Commentary`

          Yang Zeng-wen

          Professor, Institute of World Religions
          the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

          Summary
                In the history  of the Chinese  Ch'an  School,
          the  Northern   School   represented   by  Shen-hsiu
          flourished  for  a long  time  in the  areas  around
          Ch'ang-an  and Lo-yang  out in the  late  T'ang  the
          Southern  School  which had been founded  by Huineng
          spread  rapidly  all  over  the  country  while  the
          Northern  School declined.  In accordance  with this
          development,  histories  of  the  Ch'an  School  and
          treatises  dealing with meditation  practice  belong
          mostly to the southern School. The Literature of the
          Northern School vanished during the Sung Dynasty. In
          the 1920's Chinese and Japanese  scholars discovered
          among the Tun-huang  manuscripts  a great number  of
          early   Ch'an   texts   among which `Ching-Chueh's`
          Leng-ch'ieh  shih-tzu chi and Tu Fei's Ch'uan fa-pao
          chi  are  the  most  important  chronicles   of  the
          Northern  School.  They enable us to understand  the
          early  history  of the Ch'an  School  and  the  main
          meditation related ideas of the Northern School.
          
              In the present  paper the life of `Ching-chueh`
          (683-?) is explored  and the ideas behind  his Heart
           `Sutra` Commentary  are analyzed.  The said commentary
          was  discovered  in 1935.  His  existence  was  made
          public  eight  years later by Hsiany  Ta.  Now it is
          kept at the Tun-huang District Museum.
          
              `Ching-chueh's` family  background   and  his
          studies with  Shen-hsiu, Hui-an, and `Hsuan-tse` are
          critically  researched.  It was found  that he wrote
          the leng-ch'ieh  shih-tzu  chi on the `Ling-ch'uan`
          Valley at Mt. T'ai-hang on the basis of `Hsuan-tse's`
          leng-ch'ieh  jen-fa  chih.  at  the  same  Location,
           `Ching-chueh` authored a one-fascicle  commentary on
          the Diamond `sutra` which is not extant any more.  In
          727, following  an invitation, he  wrote  his  Heart
           `sutra` Commentary in Chin-chou.
          
                 The present writer believes that one can take
          the thoughts expressed in the Heart `sutra` Commentary

                                  261 ­¶

          as `Ching-chueh's`  theories   concerning   Ch'an
          meditation.  Based  on the `prajnaparamita` idea  of
          emptiness `Ching-chueh` negates thoroughly this world
          and all concepts and verbal teachings  assuming that
          the highest form of knowledge is to reach "emptiness
          without   attainment"   and  from   there   to  gain
          transcendental wisdom.  The present writer is of the
          opinion  that `Ching-chueh` employed  the Madhyamaka
          method  of "non-duality"  and held  that  "the  very
          nature  of samsara  is `nirvana` " wherefore one can
          attain Buddhahood through practice in everyday life.
          This reasoning is quite close to the theories of the
          Southern School.
          
                The  complete   text   of  the  `sutra`  Silna
          Commentary   following   the   appendix   has   been
          critically  edited  on the  basis  of the  Tun-huang
          Museum manuscript which was compared to the Landon S
          4556 manuscript and Yanagida's critical edition.
          
                This paper often new materials concerning  the
          early history and thought of the Ch'an School.