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            ±ë»y­ì¤å¡J`paksadharmatvam sapakse sattvam
                      vipakse casattvam`.
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        ©w¡v¦r¡C ³o¤G¦r¬O®N®v¦bĶ¤å¤¤¼W¸É¶i¥hªº¡C

           ¢º.±N­ì¤å "eva" ³Ð³y©Ê¦aĶ§@¡u¹M¡v©M¡u©w¡v

            ±ë»y­ì¤å¡Jtatra `krtakatvam prayatnanantaryakatvam
                      va sapaksa evasti vipakse nastyeva.
                      ityanityadau hetuh`.
            ¥È®NĶ¤å¡J¦¹¤¤©Ò§@©Ê©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A¹M¬O©vªk¡A
                      ©ó¦P«~©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¹MµL¡A¬OµL±`µ¥¦]¡C

        ³o¬q­ì¤å¤]µL¡u¹M¡v©M¡u©w¡vªºµü¸q¡A¦ý¦³¤@­Ó¥[±j»y®ð
        ªº¤£Åܵü "eva" ¡C ®N®v®Ú¾Ú¤T¬Û¤£¦PªºÅÞ¿è¥\¯à¤À§OĶ
        §@¡u¹M¡v©M¡u©w¡v¡C

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            ±ë»y­ì¤å¡J a) sapaksa ; b) sadharmya¡C

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        ¦³©Ò¤£¦P¡C

            ¢¼.Ãö©ó¦P³ëÅé©M²§³ëÅ骺ªí­z

            ±ë»y­ì¤å¡J `yatkrtakam tadanityam drstam
                       yatha ghatadir iti. yannityam
                       tadakrtakam drstam yathakasam iti`.
            ¥È®NĶ¤å¡J ¿×­Y©Ò§@¡A¨£©¼µL±`¡AÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡C¿×­Y
                       ¬O±`¡A¨£«D©Ò§@¡A¦pµêªÅµ¥¡C

        ­ì¤å¦bªí­z¦P³ëÅ骺¦X§@ªk©Mªí­z²§³ëÅ骺Â÷§@ªk¤W¡A³£
        ±Ä¥Î¤Fª½¨¥¥þºÙ§PÂ_¥y¡C®N®v¦b¡m¥¿²zªù½×¡n¨Ï¥Îª½¨¥¥þ
        ºÙ§PÂ_¥y¡A¦b¡m¦]©ú¤J¥¿²z½×¡n«h±Ä¥Î°²¨¥Ä­§t§PÂ_¥y¡C
        ¨âÃþ¥y«¬³£¥i¥H¥Î¨Óªí­z¤½²z©M­ì«h¡C

            ¢½.Ãö©ó¡u­Y©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡vªºÅªªk

             ±ë»y­ì¤å¡J yatra `hetoh sapaksa evastitvam
                        khyapyate`.
             ¥È®NĶ¤å¡J ­Y©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C

        ­ì¤å¬O¤@­Ó¥D¿×ª½¨¥§PÂ_¥y¡A¤£¬O¨â­Ó¥y¤l¡C­ì¤å¥u¬O±j
        ½Õ¦]¦b¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦s¦b¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¦bºc¿v¤@­Ó¡u¦]¦P«~¡v³N
        »y¡A¤]¤£¬O¡uÅã¦]¤Î¦P«~¡]©v¦P«~¡^­Ñ¨M©w¦³¡v¡C

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        ¥NÅÞ¿è¤ñ¸û¤è­±¡A³£§@¥X¤F­«­nªº°^Äm¡C¤£Ãø²z¸Ñ¡A¦b³o¹L
        µ{¤¤¦³¨ÇÃöÁä©Êªº²z½×°ÝÃD©|¥¼Àò±oº¡·Nªº¸Ñ¨M¡F¡u¦]¤T¬Û
        ¡v³o­Ó¦]©ú¾Çªº®Ö¤ß°ÝÃD«K¬O¨ä¤¤³Ì¬ð¥Xªº¤@­Ó¡C¦p¦ó²z¸Ñ
        ¡Bªí­z¦]¤T¬Û¡H¦b¦]©ú¾ÇªÌ¤¤¦s¦bµÛ¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡A(µù 1)¬Æ
        ¦Ü¦³¤H¹ï¥È®Nªºº~Ķ¤¤¤@¨ÇĶ¤å©M³N»y²£¥ÍºÃ°Ý¡C§Ú­Ìª¾¹D
        ¡A¥È®Nº~Ķªº¦]©úµÛ§@¦³¨â³¡¡J¤@¬O³¯¨ºªº¡m¦]©ú¥¿²zªù½×
        ¡n¡]²¤ºÙ¡mªù½×¡n¡A¤½¤¸649 ¦~Ķ¥X¡^¡A¤@¬O¤Ñ¥Dªº¡m¦]©ú
        ¤J¥¿²z½×¡n¡]²¤ºÙ¡m¤J½×¡n¡A¤½¤¸647 ¦~Ķ¥X¡^¡C«eªÌªº±ë
        ¤å­ì§@©|¥¼µo²{¡A«áªÌªº±ë¥»·~¤w¦b¦L«×®Õ¥Z¥Xª©¡A¨Ã¥B¦³
        ¨â­Óªþ¿ý¡A§Y¬_§Q½å½×®vªº±ë¤å¡m¤J½×²¨¡n©M¡¼¤Ñªº±ë¤å¡m
        ¤J½×²¨ÄÀ¡n¡C(µù 2)¥»¤åÀÀ®Ú¾Ú¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤å­ì¥»©M¥¦ªº¨â
        ­Ó±ë¤å²¨ÄÀ¡A´£¨Ñ¦³Ãö¡u¦]¤T¬Û¡vªº­ì©l¸ê®Æ¡A¨Ã¥H¦¹µû»ù
        ®N®vº~Ķªº·Ç½T©M³Ð³y©Ê¡C

        ¤G

            ¦bº~Ķ¦]©úµÛ§@¤¤¡A´£¨ì¦]¤T¬Ûªº¨ãÅé¦WºÙªº¬é¦³¨â³¡
        ¡A §Y¥@¿Ëªº¡m¦p¹ê½×¡n¡]`Tarka Sastra`¡F¤½¤¸550 ¦~¡A
        ¯u¿ÍĶ¡^(µù 3)©M¤Ñ¤åªº¡m¤J½×¡n¡]¤½¤¸649 ¦~¡A¥È®NĶ¡^
        ¡C¡m¦p¹ê½×¡nªº¦]¤T¬Ûªºº~Ķ¦WºÙ¬O¡J¡]¤@¡^®Ú¥»ªk¡F¡]¤G
        ¡^¦PÃþ¬ÛÄá¡F¡]¤T¡^²§Ãþ¬ÛÂ÷¡C«ö·N¤j§Q§ùªÛ±Ð±Âªº¡m¦p¹ê
        ½×¡n±ë»yÁ٭쥻¡A³o¤T­Ó³N»yªº±ë¤å¬O¡J(1)`paksa-dharma`;
        (2)`sapaks a-sattva`;(3)`vipaksaa-vyavrtti`¡C(µù 4)
        ¡m¦p¹ê½×¡n¦]¤T¬Ûªº±ë»y­ì¤å¬O§_´N¹³§ùªÛ±Ð±Â±qº~ĶÁÙ­ì
        ªº±ë¤å¡A¥Ø«e©|ÃøÂ_©w¡C¦ý¦³¤@ÂI¥i¥H¦³§â´¤±ÀÂ_¡J³¯¨º©M
        ¤Ñ¥DŪ¹L¥@¿Ë¡m¦p¹ê½×¡nªº­ì¤å¡A¨Ã¥B¦b³o°ò¦¤W§@¤F­×§ï
        ¢w¢w¤Ñ¥D¡m¤J½×¡n¤¤©Ò»¡ªº¦]¤T¬Û:(1)`paks adharmatvam`;
        (2)`sapakse sattvam`;(3)`vipaksa
        ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
        (µù 1) ¼B°ö¨|½s¡m¦]©ú·s±´¡n¡A¥ÌµÂ¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡A
               1989¦~¡A­¶326¡C

        (µù 2) Anandashankar B. Dhruva ±Ð±Â¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤åºë®Õ
               ¥»¡A`Gaekwads` Oriental Series¨÷38¡A1968¦~­«
               ¦Lª©¡C

        (µù 3) ¡m¦p¹ê½×¡nªº±ë¤å­ìµÛ¡A¥¢¶Ç¤w¤[¡Aº~Ķ¶È¦³¤T³¹
               ¡A¤£¥þ¡C½×ªº§@ªÌ,¦³»¡¬O¥@¿Ë , ¦]¨ä¤º®e¦p¡uÃþ
                jati¡v»P¥@¿Ëªº¡m½×­y¡n(vada-vidhi)¬Û¦ü;¦ý¤]
                ¦³¤H¤£¦P·N¦¹»¡¡C°Ñ¨£ Pre-Dignaga Buddhist
                Texts on Logic from Chinese Sources,Gaewad's
                Oriental series¨÷49,1930¦~ ,§ùªÛ ( Giuseppe
                Tucci)µÛĶ;²Ä¤@³¡¥÷(¡m¦p¹ê½×¡n±ë¤åÁ٭쥻)­¶
                1~40¡C
        (µù 4) ¦P¤W®Ñ¨÷¡C

                                  44 ­¶

        ` casattvam`¡C¥È®Nªºº~Ķ¬O¡J¡]¤@¡^¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡F¡]¤G¡^
        ¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡F¡]¤T¡^²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡C²{¦bªº°ÝÃD¬O¡J¥È®Nªºº~
        Ķ¬O§_·Ç½T¦a²Å¦X±ë»y­ì¤å¡H§Ú­Ì­è¤~»¡¹L¡A¡m¤J½×¡nªº±ë
        ¥»©M¸ÑÄÀ¦¹½×ªº¨â³¡±ë¤å²¨¡Bª`¡A§¡¤w®Õ¥Z¥Xª©¡F¦]¦¹¡A§Ú
        ­Ì¥i¥H¦³®Ú¾Ú¦a¨Ó¦^µª³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C

            ¬°¤F«K©ó¹ï·Ó©M°Q½×¡A¯÷¥ý§â¡m¤J½×¡n¦³Ãö¦]¤T¬Ûªº±ë
        »y­ì¤å©M¥È®Nªºº~Ķ¦P®É¦C¥X¡J

            1. `tatra paksadivacanani sadhanam/
               paksahetudrstantavacanair hi prasnikanamapratito
               ¡¦rthah pratipadyata iti `//

               ¦¹¤¤©vµ¥¦h¨¥¡A¦W¬°¯à¥ß¡C¥Ñ©v¦]³ë¦h¨¥¡A¶}¥Ü½Ñ¦³
               ¥¼¤F¸q¬G¡C

            2. `tatra paksah prasiddho dharmi prasiddhavisesena
               visistataya svayam sadhyatvenepsitah /
               pratyaksadyaviruddha iti vakyasesah / tadyatha
               / nityah sabdo 'nityo veti //

               ¦¹¤¤©vªÌ¡A¿×·¥¦¨¦³ªk¡A·¥¦¨¯à§O¡A®t§O©Ê¬G¡CÀH¦Û
               ¼Ö¬°¡A©Ò¦¨¥ß©Ê¡A¬O¦W¬°©v¡C¦p¦³¦¨¥ßÁn¬OµL±`¡C

            3. `hetustrirupah / kim punastrairupyam /
               paksadharsatvam sapakse sattvam vipakse
               casattvam iti` //

               ¦]¦³¤T¬Û¡C¦óµ¥¬°¤T¡H¿×¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A
               ²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡C

            4. `kah punah sapaksah / ko va vipaksa iti` //

               ¤ª¦ó¦W¬°¦P«~²§«~¡H

            5. `sadhyadharma-samanyena samano ¡¦rthah sapaksah
               / tadyatha / anitye sabde sadhye ghatadir
               anityah sapaksah //

               ¿×©Ò¥ßªk§¡µ¥¸q«~¡A»¡¦W¦P«~¡C¦p¥ßµL±`¡A²~µ¥µL±`
               ¡A¬O¦W¦P«~¡C

            6. `vipakso yatra sadhyam nasti / yannityam tad
               akrtakam drstam yathakasam iti / tatra
               krtakatvam prayatnanantaryakatvam va sapaksa
               evasti vipakse nastyeva / ityanityadau hetuh //

               ²§«~ªÌ¡A¿×©ó¬O³B¡AµL¨ä©Ò¥ß¡C­Y¦³¬O±`¡A¨£«D©Ò§@
               ¡A¦pµêªÅµ¥¡C¦¹¤¤©Ò§@©Ê©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A¹M¬O©v
               ªk¡A©ó¦P«~©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¹MµL¡F¬OµL±`µ¥

                                  45 ­¶

               ¦]¡C

            7. `drstanto dvividhah / sadharmyena vaidharmyena
               ca` //

               ³ë¦³¤GºØ¡J¤@ªÌ¦Pªk¡A¤GªÌ²§ªk¡C

            8. `tatra sadharmyena tavat / yatra hetuh
               sapaksa evastitvam khyapyate / tadyatha
               / yat krtakam tad anityam drstam yatha
               ghatadir iti` //

               ¦PªkªÌ¡A­Y©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C¿×­Y©Ò§@
               ¡A¨£©¼µL±`¡AÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡C

            9. `vaidharmyenapi / yatrasadhyabhave hetor
               abhava eva kathyate / tadyatha / yannityam
               tad akrtakam drstam yathakasam iti /
               nityasabdenatranityatvasyabhava ucyate
               / akrtakasabdenapi krtakatvasyabhavah /
               yatha bhavabhavo  ¡¦bhava iti` //

               ²§ªkªÌ¡A­Y©ó¬O³B¡A»¡©Ò¥ßµL¡A¦]¹M«D¦³¡C¿×­Y¬O±`
               ¡A¨£«D©Ò§@¡A¦pµêªÅµ¥¡C¦¹¤¤±`¨¥¡Aªí«DµL±`¡C«D©Ò
               §@¨¥¡AªíµL©Ò§@¡F¦p¦³«D¦³¡A»¡¦W«D¦³¡C

           10. `uktah paksadayah`  //

               ¤w»¡©vµ¥¡C

           11. `esam vacanani parapratyanakale sadhanam /
               tadyatha / anityah sabda iti paksavacanam
               drstam yatha ghatadir iti
               sapaksanugamavacanam / yannityam tad akrtakam
               drstam yathakasam iti vyatirekavacanam` //

               ¦p¬O¦h¨¥¡A¶}®©¥L®É¡A»¡¦W¯à¥ß¡C¦p»¡ÁnµL±`¡A¬O¥ß
               ©v¨¥¡C©Ò§@©Ê¬GªÌ¡A¬O©vªk¨¥¡C­Y¬O©Ò§@¡A¨£©¼µL±`
               ¡A¦p²~µ¥ªÌ¡A¬OÀH¦P«~¨¥¡C­Y¬O¨ä±`¡A¨£«D©Ò§@¡A¦p
               µêªÅªÌ¡A¬O»·Â÷¨¥¡C

           12. `etanyeva trayo ¡¦vayava ityucyante` //

               °ß¦¹¤T¤À¡A»¡¦W¯à¥ß¡C

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            ±ë»y­ì¤å¡Jpaksadharmatvam sapakse sattvam vipakse
                      casattvam //
                      ¡]©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~¤¤¦³¡A²§«~¤¤µL¡C¡^

            ¥È®Nº~Ķ¡J¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡C

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        ½Ķ¹Lµ{¤¤«ö¦]¤äªºÅÞ¿è¯SÂI¸É¥R¶i¥hªº¡C

        B.²Ä6¥y²Õ

          ±ë»y­ì¤å¡J`tatra krtakatvam praydtnanantariyakatvam
                    va sapaksa evasti vipakse nastyeva /
                    ityanityadau hetuh` //¡]¦b³o¸Ì¡A©Ò§@©Ê©Î
                    ¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A©ó¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¤¤
                    ªÖ©wµL¡C¦p¬O¦]¦bµL±`µ¥¡C¡^

          ¥È®Nº~Ķ¡J¦¹¤¤©Ò§@©Ê¡A©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A¹M¬O©vªk¡A
                    ©ó¦P«~©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¹MµL¡C¬OµL±`µ¥¦]¡C

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        ¡u©w¡v¡A¬O¬°¤E¥y¦]ªº²Ä¤K¥y¥¿¦]¡]¦P«~¦³«D¦³¡B²§«~«D¦³
        ¡^§@¥ñµ§¡A©ÎªÌ»¡¡A¹w³]½×ÃÒ¡C ²Ä¤T¡B¦P¤@ "eva" ªº¨âºØ
        Ķªk¬O¬°¤F²Ä3 ¥y²Õ¤¤©Òºc«Ø¦]¤T¬Ûªºº~»y³N»y¡]¹M¬O©vªk
        ©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡^´£¨Ñ²z½×¨Ì¾Ú¢w¢w³o¤T­Óº~
        »y³N»y¬O®Ú¾Ú³o¬q¹ï¦]¤T¬Û²z½×ªºÁ`µ²ºc¿vªº¡F³o¼Ë¡A²Ä3
        ©M²Ä6 ¨â­Ó¥y²ÕÃö©ó¦]¤T¬ÛªºÄ¶¤å«K«e«á¤@³e¡AĶ·N¤@­P¡C
        ¯Ï¨º±Ð¦]©ú¾ÇªÌ¬_§Q½å½×®v¡]Haribhadra¡A¤½¤¸1112 ¦~¡^
        ¦b¥Lªº¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¡]`Nyayapravesavrtti`¡^¤¤¹ï "eva" §@
        ¤F¦p¤Uªº¸ÑÄÀ¡J

            `aha ihaivavadharane ¡¦bhidhanam kimartham / ucyate
        / atraivaikantasattvapratipadanartham / sapakse
        tvekadese ¡¦pisattvamadustameveti / tatha ca
        satyekantato vipaksavyavrttah sapaksaikadesavyapino
        ¡¦pi prayatnanantariyakatvadayah samyagghetava
        evetyaveditam bhavati' // (µù 6)

        ¡]°Ý¡J³o¸Ìªí¥Ü±j½Õ»y®ðªº eva ¬O­n»¡©ú¤°»ò¡H µª¡J¦¹¤¤
        eva ¬O¬°¤F»¡©ú¡u©ó¤@³B¦³¡v¡A¦b¦P«~¤¤¡e¦]¡f©ó¤@³B¦³¡A
        µL¦³¹L¥¢¡C¨ä¦¸¡Aªí©ú¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Êµ¥¬O¥¿½T¦]¡F¹M©ó¦P
        «~¤@³B¡A¦Ó¦¹¤@³B»·Â÷²§«~¡C¡^(µù 7)
        ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
        (µù 6) ¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¡A¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤åºë®Õ¥»¡AGaewad's
               Oriental Series¨÷38 ¡A¥¿¤å­¶16¡A²Ä17¡ã20¦æ¡C

                                  48 ­¶

        ¬_§Q½å½×®v³o¬qÄÀ¤å¤¤¦³¨â­ÓÃöÁä©Êªºµü¢w¢w¡u¹M`vyapin`
         ¡v©M¡u¤@³B`ekanta`¡v¡C¤@³B¡A¬O»¡¦P«~½d³ò¤ºªº¤@³¡¥÷
         ¡F¹M¡A¬O»¡¦]¹M©ó¨ä¦P«~¤¤ªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¦Ó¤£¤@©w­n¹M¤Î¦P
        «~¤¤©Ò¦³³¡¤À¡F¦Ó³o¤@³¡¤À«ê«ê¤S¬O»P¨ä²§«~µ´½tªº¡C¤Ñ¥D
        ¦b¡u¦P«~¦³¡B²§«~µL¡v¤§«á¨Ï¥Î¥[±j»y®ðªº "eva" ¥¿¬O­n
        ÄÄ©ú¦]»P¦P¡B²§«~ªº¤@¥¿¤@¤ÏªºÅÞ¿èÃö«Y¡C¬_§Q½å½×®v³o­Ó
        ¸ÑÄÀ¢w¢w¦]¡u¹M©ó¦P«~¤@³B¡v¡A¡u¦Ó¦¹¤@³B»·Â÷²§«~¡v¡A»P
        ¥È®Nªºº~Ķ¢w¢w¦P«~©w¦³¡B²§«~¹MµL¡A¦b·N¸q¤W²@µL¤G­P¡C
        ¬_§Q½å©M¥È®N¹ï "eva" ªº²z¸Ñ¦p¦¹Àq«´¤@­P¡A »¡©ú³o¨â¦ì
        ¦]©úÅv«Â¦³Ãö¦]»P¦P¡B²§«~ªºÄÄ­z¬O§¹¥þ¥¿½Tªº¡C¨ä¦¸¡A³o
        ¬q­ì¤å¬éÁ¿¦]ªº²Ä¤G¡B²Ä¤T¬Û¡A¨S¦³¯A¤Î²Ä¤@¬Û¡]¹M¬O©vªk
        ¡^¡A³o¬O¬°¤°»ò¡H¥È®N¦bĶ¤å¤¤¸É¼g¤F²Ä¤@¬Û¡A³o¤S¬O¬°¤°
        »ò¡HÃö©ó²Ä¤@­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¬_§Q½å½×®v´£¥X¤@­Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡J

            aha / yadisapaksa evasti tatasca tad
            vyatirekenanyatra pakse ¡¦pyabhavat
            dharmatvanupapattih / na anavadhrtavadharanat /
            paksadharmatvasyavadharitvat /(µù 8)

            ¡]°Ý¡J¦pªG¡e¦]¡f©ó¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦³¡A«h¦b¦¹¤§¥~¡A¾l³B
            ¡e¦]¡f©ó©v¡e¦³ªk¡f«D¦³¬G¡Aªk©Ê¤£¯à¦¨¥ß¡Cµª¡J¤£¬O
            ©w²z¥¼³Q²z¸Ñ¬G¡F©vªk©Ê¤£¨¥¦Ó³ë¬G¡C¡^

        µo°ÝªÌ¦b³o¸Ìªº´£°Ý¦ü¥G°w¹ï³o¬q­ì¤å¨S¦³½×¤Î²Ä¤@¬Û¡]©v
        ªk©Ê¡^¡AÃhºÃ¦]°£¤F©ó¦P«~¤¤¦³¡B²§«~¤¤µL¤§¥~¡A¤£»P©v¦³
        ªkµo¥ÍÃö«Y¡CªG¦p¬O¡A«K¯Ê©vªk©Ê¡C²¨¥D¦^µª»¡¡J¡u»¡¦]©v
        ©ÒÀH¡A©vµL¦]¤£¦³¡v¡A³o­Ó¦]©ú©w²z³W©w¡A¦]»P©vµ´¹ï¤£¯à
        ¤À®a¡A½Í¦]¥²µMÂ÷¤£¶}©v¡C³o¬q­ì¤å¨S¦³©ú½T¦a½×¤Î©vªk©Ê
        ¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¤Ñ¥D½×®v¤£ª¾¹D³o­Ó©w²z¡A¦Ó¬O©vªk©Ê¦b¦¹¤£¨¥¦Ó
        ³ë¬G¡CÃö©ó²Ä¤G­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¥È®N¦bĶ¤å¤¤¸É¤W­ì¤å©Ò¯Êªº¡u©v
        ªk©Ê¡v¡]¹M¬O©vªk¡^¡A¨ä²z¥Ñ¥i¯à¬O¡J¡]¤@¡^¦]ªº²Ä¤@¬Û¬O
        ¥¿¦]¬Û¡A²Ä¤G¡B²Ä¤T¬Û¬O§U¦]¬Û¡C¦b³o¸Ì§Y¨Ï¬O­«­nÂIÄÄ­z
        «á¤G¬Û¡A¤]À³­º¥ý«a¥H²Ä¤@¬Û¡Aªí©ú§U¦]¬Ûªº§@¥Î¦b©ó¥[±j
        ¡B¤ä«ù¥¿¦]¬Ûªº¯à¥ß¥\¯à¡A±q¦Ó¨ãÅé¦aÅé²{¡u»¡¦]©v©ÒÀH¡v
        ªº­ì²z¡C¡]¤G¡^³o¬q­ì¤å¬O¹ï¦]¤T¬Û²z½×ªºÁ`µ²¡AÀ³¸Ó¤T¬Û
        ¨Ã´£¡F ³o¼Ë°µ¡A¤S¥i¥H©M²Ä 3 ¥y²Õ¤¤³Ì¥ý´£¥Xªº¦]¤T¬Û¦¸
        §Ç¬ÛÀ³¤@­P¡C¦pªG¦bÁ`µ²¦]¤T¬Û²z½×®É¡A¶È´£²Ä¤G¡B²Ä¤T¬Û
        ¡A¬Ù²¤²Ä¤@¬Û¡A«K®e©ö¤Þ°_»~¸Ñ¡C³o¤@ÂI¡A¹ï©ó¨Ã¤£¤Q¤À¼ô
        ±x¦L«×¶Ç²ÎÅ޿誺¤¤°ê¾ÇªÌ»¡¨Ó¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦p¦¹¡C¥È
        ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
        (µù 7) ¤è¬A¸¹¼Ð¥Xªºµü»y¬O¥»¤å§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C

        (µù 8) ¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¡A¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤åºë®Õ¥»¡AGaewad¡¦s
               Oriental Series ¨÷38¡A¥¿¤å­¶18¡A²Ä1¡ã3¦æ¡C

                                  49 ­¶

        ®N¦b¥LªºÄ¶¤å¤¤¸É¼g¤W¡u¹M¬O©vªk¡v³o­Ó­ì¤å²¤¥hªº¥y¤l¡A
        ¬é¦³§Q©ó¹ï¦]¤T¬Û²z½×ªº¥¿½Tªº²z¸Ñ¡A¨ÃµL¥ô¦ó¤£§´¤§³B¡C

        ¢º.Ãö©ó¦P«~¡B²§«~»P¦Pªk¡B²§ªk

        ¢Ï¡D¦P«~¡B²§«~

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            ¥È®Nº~Ķ¡J1.¦P«~¡F2.²§«~

        ³o¨â­Ó³N»y¬O¦b¦]¤ä¤¤Á¿ªº¡C­ì¤å¬O¨â­Ó¾FªñÄÀ
        ¡]`avyayibhava`¡^ªº½Æ¦X¦Wµü¢w¢wsa-paksa ©M vi-paksa¡F
        ª½Ä¶¬O¡J¡u¦P©ó©vªÌ¡v©M¡u²§©ó©vªÌ¡v¡C¥È®N©ÒĶªº¡u«~¡v
        ¡A§Y¡u«~Ãþ¡vªº·N«ä¡F¿×¦³¨âÃþ¨Æª«¡A¤@Ãþ»P©v¬Û¦P¡A¤@Ãþ
        »P©v¬Û²§¡C³o¸Ìªº¡u©v¡v­­«ü©vªk¦Ó¨¥¡A§Y©v¤§«á³¯¡]©v¤§
        ¿×»y©ÎÅܶµ¢w¢wµL±`¡^¡C¦]¦¹ª`²¨®a§â¥¦­Ì¤À§OºÙ§@¡u©v¦P
        «~¡v©M¡u©v²§«~¡v¡C

        ¢Ð¡D¦Pªk¡B²§ªk¡]¦P³ë¡B²§³ë¡^

            ±ë»y­ì¤å¡J1.`sadharmyena`¡F2.`vaidharmyena`

            ¥È®Nº~Ķ¡J1.¦Pªk¡]³ë¡^¡F2.²§ªk¡]³ë¡^

        ¦Pªk¡B²§ªk¬O¡u¦Pªk³ë¡v©M¡u²§ªk³ë¡vªºÂ²ºÙ¡A¬O¦b³ë¤ä¤¤
        Á¿ªº¡C­ì¤å¬O¨â­ÓÅÜ®æ¡]¨ã®æ¡^ªº¦Wµü¡A¬O¬Ù²¤¥y«¬¡A§Y¬Ù
        ¥h¤F¥D»y`drstanta`¡]³ë¡^¡F¤G³ëªº¥þºÙÀ³¬O`sadharmyena
        drstantah` ©M `vaidharmyena drstantah¡Aª½Ä¶¬°¡u¥H¦P
        ªkºc¦¨ªºÄ´³ë¡v©M¡u¥H²§ªkºc¦¨ªºÄ´³ë¡v¡C¥È®NÁY¼g¦¨¨â­Ó
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            `tatra sadharmyena tavat / yatra hetoh sapaksa
            evastitvam khyapyate / tadyatha / yat krtakam
            tad anityam drstam yathaü] ghatadir iti` //
            ¡]°Ñ¦Ò²Ä8¥y²Õ¡^

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            `vaidharmyenapi / yatra sadhyabhave hetor abhava
            eva kathyate / tadyatha

                                  50 ­¶

            `/ yannityam tad akrtakam drstam yathakas'am iti`
            /¡]°Ñ¨£²Ä9¥y²Õ¡^

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        ¬O»¡¡A§@¬°³ë¨Ìªº²~¡A¨ä³ëÅé¡]ÄÝ©Ê¡^»PÁnªºÄݩʬۦP¡A¬G
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            tatra sadharmyena tavaditi / ...... /anena
            sadhanadrstantaü]bhasah /(µù 9)

            ¡]³o¸Ì´N¦Pªk³ë¦Ó¨¥ªÌ¡A......¿×ÂǦ¹Åã¥Ü¯à¥ß³ë¡C¡^

        ÂǦ¹¡A§YÂÇ¡u¤Z¬O©Ò§@¡A«K¨£µL±`¡AÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡v³o­Ó¦Pªk³ë
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        ¸ÑÄÀ´X¥G¬O§â³ë¤äªº¯à¥ß¥\¯à©M¦]¤äªº¯à¥ß¥\¯à¦Pµ¥¬Ý«Ý¡C
        Ãҽѿs°ò©Ò»¡¡u¤G³ë§Y¦]¡v¡A¬Æ¦³¹D²z¡C¦ý¬O¡A¡]¤T¡^¡B³ë
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        ¡^¡A¤S­Ý¦P©ó©vªk¡]µL±`¡^¡F¦Ó¡u«~¡v¶È­­©ó©M©vªk¡]µL±`
        ¡^¦³Ãö«Y¡Cª`²¨®a»¡³ë¤äªº¡uªk¡v¡A¡u¥¿¨ú©Ò§@¡A­Ý¨úµL±`
        ¡v¡A¥¿¬O¦¹·N¡C¦b§Ú°ê²{¥N¦]©ú¾ÇªÌ¤¤¡A¦³¤HÁöµM©Ó»{¦]¤ä
        ¤¤ªº¦P«~¬°¡u©v¦P«~¡v¡A³ë¤ä¤¤ªº¦Pªk¬°¡u¦]¦P«~¡v¡A¦ý¤S
        »{¬°¬J¦³©v¦P«~¡A¦ó¥²³D¨¬¦a¤S¨Ó­Ó¡u¦]¦P«~¡v¡C§Ú­Ì»{¬°
        ¡A³o¤@»¡ªk¬O§â¡uªk¡v»P¡u«~¡v³o¨â·§©Àªº¤º²[©M¥~©µ²V¦P
        °_¨Ó¡A¦]
        ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
        (µù 9) ¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¡A¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤åºë®Õ¥»¡A Gaewad¡¦s
               Oriental Series ¨÷ 38¡A¥¿¤å­¶18¡A²Ä13¡B16
               ¡B17¦æ¡C

                                  51 ­¶

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         ±ë»y­ì¤å¡J`yatra hetoh sapaksa evastitvam khyapyate` /
                   ¡]°Ñ¨£²Ä8¥y²Õ¡^

         ¥È®NĶ¤å¡J­Y©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C

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        ª½¨¥§PÂ_¥y¡Fª½Ä¶¬O¡J¡u¦b³o¸Ì¦]©ó¦P«~¤¤ªºªÖ©w¦³©Ê³Q´¦
        ¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡v¡C¡]¤@¡^¡B³oÅãµM¬O¤@­Ó²³æªº¥y¤l¡A¤£¬O¥Ñ¨â­Ó
        ¥y¤l²Õ¦¨ªº½Æ¦X¥y¡C¥È®NªºÄ¶¤å¬O¥D±qÄ­²[ªº°²¨¥§PÂ_¥y¡C
        §Ú°ê¾ÇªÌ«Ü¥i¯à¾Ú¦¹¦Ó»~Ū¦¨¨â­Ó¥y¤l¡A§â¡u¦]©ó¦P«~¤¤¡v
        »~§@¤@­Ó¡u¦]¦P«~¡vªº³N»y¡C¡]¤G¡^¡B¬_§Q½å½×®v¹ï³o¥y¸Ü
        ªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O¡J

            `abhidheyahetoruktalaksanasya sapaksa evastitvam
            khyapyate / sapaksa uktalaksanastasminscastitvam
            vidyamanatvam khyapyate pratipa dyate vacanena'
             / (µù 10)

            ¡]©Ò«ü¤§¡u¦]¡v¡A§Y©Ò»¡¤§¬Û¡A¦b¦P«~¤¤ªºªÖ©w¦³©Ê³Q
            ´¦¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C¡u¦b¦P«~¤¤¡v§Y©Ò»¡¤§¬Û¦b¦P«~¤§¤¤¡F¡u¦³
            ©Ê¡v§Y¦s¦b¡F¡u³Q´¦¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡v§Y¥Î»y¨¥ªí­z¥X¨Ó¡C¡^

        ³o­Ó¸ÑÄÀ§¹¥þ«´¦X­ì¤å§t¸q¢w¢w­ì¤åªº§t¸q¦b©ó±j½Õ¦]¡]©Ò
        §@©Ê¡^¦b¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦s¦b¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¦bºc¿v¤@­Ó¡u¦]¦P«~¡vªº
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        ¹ê½è¤W¬O¡u¦Pªk¡vªº²§¦W¡C«ö·Ó­è¤~´N¦]¤äªº¡u«~¡v©M³ë¤ä
        ªº¡uªk¡v©Ò§@ªºÂ²§O¡A¦pªG»¡³o¸Ìªº¡u¦P«~¡v¥i¥H²z¸Ñ¬°¡u
        ¦]¦P«~¡vªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¨ä¤º²[ÅãµM¤ñ©v¦P«~Â×´I±o¦h¡J«eªÌ¬J
        ©P©µ©ó©v¦³ªk¡]©Ò§@©Ê¡^¡A¤S¦P®ÉÁpôµÛ©vªk¡]µL±`¡^¡F«á
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        (µù 10) ¦P¤W®Ñ¡B¨÷¡B­¶¡A²Ä14¡B15¦æ¡C

                                  52 ­¶

        ±ë»y­ì¤å¡J`esam vacanani parapratyayanakale sadhanam
                  / tadyatha / anity-ah sabda iti paksavacanam
                  / krtakatvaditi paksadharmavacanam / yat
                  krtakam tad anityam drstam yatha ghatadir iti
                  sapaksanugamavacanam / yannityam tad akrtakam
                  drstam yathakasam iti vyatirekavacanam //
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                                  55 ­¶
        Traiupya in Nyaya-pravesa and its Chinese Version by Xuan Zhuang
        Wu Bai-hui
        Member of the  academic Committee, Institute of Philosophy,
        Chinese academy of Social Science
        Summary

              There has been somewhat a hot discussion on
          the theory of Trairupya in the circle of Chinese
          Hetu-vidya pundits.  Some scholars even cherish
          doubts regarding the accuracy of the Chinese
          version of Trairupya by Xuan Zhuang, the master
          Buddhist Tripitaka translator of worldrenownd. The
          present paper is intended to supply, from the
          Sanskrit original of the Nyaya-praves'a, some
          materials that would  be of help in removing  the
          aforesaid doubts.

              Sect.¢¹.About the rendering into Chinese of the
                      term Trairupya.

                      Sanskrit¡Jpaksadharmatvamþ¶sapakse
                                sattvamþ¶ vipakse casattvam.
                      Chinese¡J¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A²§«~¹M
                               µL©Ê¡C

           The meaning of the Chinese word "¹M¡]bian¡^"
          ¡]distribution¡^is not seen in the first rupa
          ¡]paksadharmatva¡^and the third one
          ¡]vipaksa-asattva¡^; and the work " ©w¡]ding¡^"
          ¡]certainty¡^is also not met with in the second
          one¡]sapakse sattva¡^.  These two Chineses
          words are additionally given by Xuan Zhuang in his
          chinese version.  The complement of these Chinese
          words seems as being grounded on the meaning of
          "eva" that will be dealt with in Sect. II next.

              Sect. ¢º.Xuan Zhuang¡¦s creative rendering
                       of "eva" into Chinese "¹M¡]bian¡^"and"
                       ©w¡]ding¡^".

                                  56 ­¶
              Sanskrit¡Jtatra krtakatvam
                        prayatnanantaryakatvam va
                        sapaksa evasti vipkse nastyeva.
                        ityanityadau hetuh.
              Chinese¡J ¦¹¤¤©Ò§@©Ê©ÎÄU«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A¹M¬O©v
                        ªk¡A©ó¦P«~©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¹MµL¡C

          The Sanskrit sentences do not contain such
          meaning as denoted by the Chinese words" ¹M¡]bian¡^
          "an" ©w¡]ding¡^"; but they each have a
          Sanskrit particle"eva"denoting emphasis.   Xuan
          Zhuang renders this very particle"eva"into Chinese
          words"¹M¡]bian, meaning distribution¡^ "and" ©w
          ¡]ding, meaning certainty¡^ "; and adds, in
          accordance with the different functional
          principles of Trairupya, the former  to the first
          and third rupas, and the latter to the second one
          respectively in his Chinese version.  More-over,
          the complementary  Chinese term ¡u¹M¬O©vªk¡v
          ¡]paksadharmatva¡^appears in the Chinese version,
          but not in the Sanskrit original.

              Sect. ¢».About"sapaksa ¦P«~" and "sadharmya
                       ¦Pªk".

              Sanskrit¡Ja. sapaksa ; b. sadharmya.
              Chinese ¡Ja.¦P«~; b.¦Pªk.

          Both of the sapaksa and the sadharmya  play almost
          the same role of sadhana in Hetuvidya; the sapaksa
          is  dealt  with  in the  hetu  avayava  while  the
          sadharmya  in the dstanta  avayava.  It is obvious
          that each of these two terms has its own
          functional scope : The sapaksa is related only to
          the paks adharma¡]predicate¡^, while the
          sadharmya is distribted first over the
          paksadharmin¡]subject¡^and then the
          paksadharma.  It shows  from  his that the logical
          scope where the sadharmya operates is wider than
          that where the sapaksa functions.  The sadharmya
          has an independent role to play in Hetuvidya,
          and is not to be considered as superfluous as by
          some scholars.

              Sect. ¢¼.How to demonstrate the intrinsic
                       nature¡]svabhava¡^ of a sadharmya and
                       that of a vaidharmya.

                                  57 ­¶
              Sanskrit¡Jyatkrtakam tadanityam drstam yatha
                        ghatadiriti. yannityamþ¶tadakrtakam
                        drstam yathakas'am iti.
              Chinese¡J¿×­Y©Ò§@¡A¨£©¼µL±`¡AÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡C¿×­Y¬O±`
                       ¡A¨£«D©Ò«D¡A¦pµêªÅµ¥¡C

          In the Sanskrit text the method of anvaya by which
          to  demostrate  the  intrinsic  nature  of a sa ü]
          dharmya and that of vyatireka  by which to display
          the intrinsic nature of a vaidharmya are both
          written in a suject-predicate compound sentence of
          affirmative mood; but Xuan Zhuang changes them
          into a conditional one of subjunctive mood in his
          Chinese version, which looks closer to the
          practice of logical language in style.

              Sect. ¢½.About the reading of"­Y©ó¬O³B¡AÅã
                       ¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C"
                       Sanskrit¡Jyatra hetoh sapaksa
                                 evastitvam khyapyate.
                       Chinese¡J­Y©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C

          The Sanskrit sentence is very clearly a single one
          of affirmative mood, and not of two sentences.
          Xuan Zhuang makes it into two Chinese sentences of
          subjunctive mood, and this is perhaps the cause
          that misleads some scholars to take it as two
          sentences.  It is in this Sanskrit sentence to
          merely lay stress upon a hetu that certainly
          remains in its sapaksa, and not to create a term
          for sapaksa, and also not to mean"a demonstration
          of the definite existence of a hetu and its sapaksa".

          Hetuvidya of India like the traditional logic is a
          science of precise thinking.  Xuan Zhuang while
          translating Sanskrit texts of Hetuvidya,
          succeeded in creating a set of Hetuvidya terms in
          Chinese, accurately corresponding to their
          Sanskrit originals.  It goes without saying that
          one could hardly have done so if one were not a
          great master of the Hetuvidya science.

                                  58 ­¶