±ë¥»¡m¦]©ú¤J¥¿²z½×¡n
¢w¢w¦]¤T¬Ûªº±ë»yì¤å©M¥È®Nªºº~Ķ
¤¤µØ¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³ø²Ä¤K´Á 1995.07 ¥Xª©
(pp.41-57)
§Å¥Õ¼z
¤¤°êªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç°|õ¾Ç©Ò¾Ç³N©eû·|©eû
41 ¶
´£n
¥»¤åÀÀ®Ú¾Ú¡m¦]©ú¤J¥¿²z½×¡n±ë¤åìµÛ¡A®Ö¹ï®N®vº~
Ķªº¡u¦]¤T¬Û¡v¡A±q¦Ó½×ÃÒ¥LªºÄ¶¤åªº·Ç½T©Ê©M³Ð³y©Ê¡C
¢×.Ãö©ó¦]¤T¬ÛªºÄ¶ªk
±ë»yì¤å¡J`paksadharmatvam sapakse sattvam
vipakse casattvam`.
¥È®NĶ¤å¡J¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡C
ì¤å²Ä¤@¬Û©M²Ä¤T¬Û¤¤¨S¦³¡u¹M¡v¦r¡A²Ä¤G¬Û¤¤¤]¨S¦³¡u
©w¡v¦r¡C ³o¤G¦r¬O®N®v¦bĶ¤å¤¤¼W¸É¶i¥hªº¡C
¢º.±Nì¤å "eva" ³Ð³y©Ê¦aĶ§@¡u¹M¡v©M¡u©w¡v
±ë»yì¤å¡Jtatra `krtakatvam prayatnanantaryakatvam
va sapaksa evasti vipakse nastyeva.
ityanityadau hetuh`.
¥È®NĶ¤å¡J¦¹¤¤©Ò§@©Ê©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A¹M¬O©vªk¡A
©ó¦P«~©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¹MµL¡A¬OµL±`µ¥¦]¡C
³o¬qì¤å¤]µL¡u¹M¡v©M¡u©w¡vªºµü¸q¡A¦ý¦³¤@Ó¥[±j»y®ð
ªº¤£Åܵü "eva" ¡C ®N®v®Ú¾Ú¤T¬Û¤£¦PªºÅÞ¿è¥\¯à¤À§OĶ
§@¡u¹M¡v©M¡u©w¡v¡C
¢».Ãö©ó¡u¦P«~¡v©M¡u¦Pªk¡v
±ë»yì¤å¡J a) sapaksa ; b) sadharmya¡C
42 ¶
¥È®NĶ¤å¡J a) ¦P«~¡F b) ¦Pªk¡C
¦P«~©M¦Pªk¦P¨ã¤@¼Ëªº¯à¥ß§@¥Î¡A¦ý¤GªÌªºÅÞ¿èÀ³¥Î½d³ò
¦³©Ò¤£¦P¡C
¢¼.Ãö©ó¦P³ëÅé©M²§³ëÅ骺ªíz
±ë»yì¤å¡J `yatkrtakam tadanityam drstam
yatha ghatadir iti. yannityam
tadakrtakam drstam yathakasam iti`.
¥È®NĶ¤å¡J ¿×Y©Ò§@¡A¨£©¼µL±`¡AÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡C¿×Y
¬O±`¡A¨£«D©Ò§@¡A¦pµêªÅµ¥¡C
ì¤å¦bªíz¦P³ëÅ骺¦X§@ªk©Mªíz²§³ëÅ骺Â÷§@ªk¤W¡A³£
±Ä¥Î¤Fª½¨¥¥þºÙ§PÂ_¥y¡C®N®v¦b¡m¥¿²zªù½×¡n¨Ï¥Îª½¨¥¥þ
ºÙ§PÂ_¥y¡A¦b¡m¦]©ú¤J¥¿²z½×¡n«h±Ä¥Î°²¨¥Ä§t§PÂ_¥y¡C
¨âÃþ¥y«¬³£¥i¥H¥Î¨Óªíz¤½²z©Mì«h¡C
¢½.Ãö©ó¡uY©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡vªºÅªªk
±ë»yì¤å¡J yatra `hetoh sapaksa evastitvam
khyapyate`.
¥È®NĶ¤å¡J Y©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C
ì¤å¬O¤@Ó¥D¿×ª½¨¥§PÂ_¥y¡A¤£¬O¨âÓ¥y¤l¡Cì¤å¥u¬O±j
½Õ¦]¦b¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦s¦b¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¦bºc¿v¤@Ó¡u¦]¦P«~¡v³N
»y¡A¤]¤£¬O¡uÅã¦]¤Î¦P«~¡]©v¦P«~¡^ѨM©w¦³¡v¡C
43 ¶
ªñ¦~¨Ó¡A¥j¦Ñªº¦]©ú¾Ç¦b§Ú°êªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¤¤¡A¯S§O¬O¦b§Î
¦¡ÅÞ¿è¾Ç³N¬É¡A¦ü¥G§Î¦¨¤@Ó¼öªùªº¾Ç¬ì¡C¦]©ú¾ÇªÌ¦b·j¶°
¡B¾ã²z¡B®Õ¥Z¥j¤µ¦]©ú¤åÄm¸ê®Æ¤è±¡A¦b¦]©ú±À²z¼Ò¦¡»P²{
¥NÅÞ¿è¤ñ¸û¤è±¡A³£§@¥X¤F«nªº°^Äm¡C¤£Ãø²z¸Ñ¡A¦b³o¹L
µ{¤¤¦³¨ÇÃöÁä©Êªº²z½×°ÝÃD©|¥¼Àò±oº¡·Nªº¸Ñ¨M¡F¡u¦]¤T¬Û
¡v³oÓ¦]©ú¾Çªº®Ö¤ß°ÝÃD«K¬O¨ä¤¤³Ì¬ð¥Xªº¤@Ó¡C¦p¦ó²z¸Ñ
¡Bªíz¦]¤T¬Û¡H¦b¦]©ú¾ÇªÌ¤¤¦s¦bµÛ¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡A(µù 1)¬Æ
¦Ü¦³¤H¹ï¥È®Nªºº~Ķ¤¤¤@¨ÇĶ¤å©M³N»y²£¥ÍºÃ°Ý¡C§Ú̪¾¹D
¡A¥È®Nº~Ķªº¦]©úµÛ§@¦³¨â³¡¡J¤@¬O³¯¨ºªº¡m¦]©ú¥¿²zªù½×
¡n¡]²¤ºÙ¡mªù½×¡n¡A¤½¤¸649 ¦~Ķ¥X¡^¡A¤@¬O¤Ñ¥Dªº¡m¦]©ú
¤J¥¿²z½×¡n¡]²¤ºÙ¡m¤J½×¡n¡A¤½¤¸647 ¦~Ķ¥X¡^¡C«eªÌªº±ë
¤åì§@©|¥¼µo²{¡A«áªÌªº±ë¥»·~¤w¦b¦L«×®Õ¥Z¥Xª©¡A¨Ã¥B¦³
¨âÓªþ¿ý¡A§Y¬_§Q½å½×®vªº±ë¤å¡m¤J½×²¨¡n©M¡¼¤Ñªº±ë¤å¡m
¤J½×²¨ÄÀ¡n¡C(µù 2)¥»¤åÀÀ®Ú¾Ú¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤å쥻©M¥¦ªº¨â
Ó±ë¤å²¨ÄÀ¡A´£¨Ñ¦³Ãö¡u¦]¤T¬Û¡vªºì©l¸ê®Æ¡A¨Ã¥H¦¹µû»ù
®N®vº~Ķªº·Ç½T©M³Ð³y©Ê¡C
¤G
¦bº~Ķ¦]©úµÛ§@¤¤¡A´£¨ì¦]¤T¬Ûªº¨ãÅé¦WºÙªº¬é¦³¨â³¡
¡A §Y¥@¿Ëªº¡m¦p¹ê½×¡n¡]`Tarka Sastra`¡F¤½¤¸550 ¦~¡A
¯u¿ÍĶ¡^(µù 3)©M¤Ñ¤åªº¡m¤J½×¡n¡]¤½¤¸649 ¦~¡A¥È®NĶ¡^
¡C¡m¦p¹ê½×¡nªº¦]¤T¬Ûªºº~Ķ¦WºÙ¬O¡J¡]¤@¡^®Ú¥»ªk¡F¡]¤G
¡^¦PÃþ¬ÛÄá¡F¡]¤T¡^²§Ãþ¬ÛÂ÷¡C«ö·N¤j§Q§ùªÛ±Ð±Âªº¡m¦p¹ê
½×¡n±ë»yÁÙ쥻¡A³o¤TÓ³N»yªº±ë¤å¬O¡J(1)`paksa-dharma`;
(2)`sapaks a-sattva`;(3)`vipaksaa-vyavrtti`¡C(µù 4)
¡m¦p¹ê½×¡n¦]¤T¬Ûªº±ë»yì¤å¬O§_´N¹³§ùªÛ±Ð±Â±qº~ĶÁÙì
ªº±ë¤å¡A¥Ø«e©|ÃøÂ_©w¡C¦ý¦³¤@ÂI¥i¥H¦³§â´¤±ÀÂ_¡J³¯¨º©M
¤Ñ¥DŪ¹L¥@¿Ë¡m¦p¹ê½×¡nªºì¤å¡A¨Ã¥B¦b³o°ò¦¤W§@¤Fקï
¢w¢w¤Ñ¥D¡m¤J½×¡n¤¤©Ò»¡ªº¦]¤T¬Û:(1)`paks adharmatvam`;
(2)`sapakse sattvam`;(3)`vipaksa
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
(µù 1) ¼B°ö¨|½s¡m¦]©ú·s±´¡n¡A¥ÌµÂ¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¥Xª©¡A
1989¦~¡A¶326¡C
(µù 2) Anandashankar B. Dhruva ±Ð±Â¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤åºë®Õ
¥»¡A`Gaekwads` Oriental Series¨÷38¡A1968¦~«
¦Lª©¡C
(µù 3) ¡m¦p¹ê½×¡nªº±ë¤åìµÛ¡A¥¢¶Ç¤w¤[¡Aº~Ķ¶È¦³¤T³¹
¡A¤£¥þ¡C½×ªº§@ªÌ,¦³»¡¬O¥@¿Ë , ¦]¨ä¤º®e¦p¡uÃþ
jati¡v»P¥@¿Ëªº¡m½×y¡n(vada-vidhi)¬Û¦ü;¦ý¤]
¦³¤H¤£¦P·N¦¹»¡¡C°Ñ¨£ Pre-Dignaga Buddhist
Texts on Logic from Chinese Sources,Gaewad's
Oriental series¨÷49,1930¦~ ,§ùªÛ ( Giuseppe
Tucci)µÛĶ;²Ä¤@³¡¥÷(¡m¦p¹ê½×¡n±ë¤åÁÙ쥻)¶
1~40¡C
(µù 4) ¦P¤W®Ñ¨÷¡C
44 ¶
` casattvam`¡C¥È®Nªºº~Ķ¬O¡J¡]¤@¡^¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡F¡]¤G¡^
¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡F¡]¤T¡^²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡C²{¦bªº°ÝÃD¬O¡J¥È®Nªºº~
Ķ¬O§_·Ç½T¦a²Å¦X±ë»yì¤å¡H§ÚÌè¤~»¡¹L¡A¡m¤J½×¡nªº±ë
¥»©M¸ÑÄÀ¦¹½×ªº¨â³¡±ë¤å²¨¡Bª`¡A§¡¤w®Õ¥Z¥Xª©¡F¦]¦¹¡A§Ú
Ì¥i¥H¦³®Ú¾Ú¦a¨Ó¦^µª³oÓ°ÝÃD¡C
¬°¤F«K©ó¹ï·Ó©M°Q½×¡A¯÷¥ý§â¡m¤J½×¡n¦³Ãö¦]¤T¬Ûªº±ë
»yì¤å©M¥È®Nªºº~Ķ¦P®É¦C¥X¡J
1. `tatra paksadivacanani sadhanam/
paksahetudrstantavacanair hi prasnikanamapratito
¡¦rthah pratipadyata iti `//
¦¹¤¤©vµ¥¦h¨¥¡A¦W¬°¯à¥ß¡C¥Ñ©v¦]³ë¦h¨¥¡A¶}¥Ü½Ñ¦³
¥¼¤F¸q¬G¡C
2. `tatra paksah prasiddho dharmi prasiddhavisesena
visistataya svayam sadhyatvenepsitah /
pratyaksadyaviruddha iti vakyasesah / tadyatha
/ nityah sabdo 'nityo veti //
¦¹¤¤©vªÌ¡A¿×·¥¦¨¦³ªk¡A·¥¦¨¯à§O¡A®t§O©Ê¬G¡CÀH¦Û
¼Ö¬°¡A©Ò¦¨¥ß©Ê¡A¬O¦W¬°©v¡C¦p¦³¦¨¥ßÁn¬OµL±`¡C
3. `hetustrirupah / kim punastrairupyam /
paksadharsatvam sapakse sattvam vipakse
casattvam iti` //
¦]¦³¤T¬Û¡C¦óµ¥¬°¤T¡H¿×¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A
²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡C
4. `kah punah sapaksah / ko va vipaksa iti` //
¤ª¦ó¦W¬°¦P«~²§«~¡H
5. `sadhyadharma-samanyena samano ¡¦rthah sapaksah
/ tadyatha / anitye sabde sadhye ghatadir
anityah sapaksah //
¿×©Ò¥ßªk§¡µ¥¸q«~¡A»¡¦W¦P«~¡C¦p¥ßµL±`¡A²~µ¥µL±`
¡A¬O¦W¦P«~¡C
6. `vipakso yatra sadhyam nasti / yannityam tad
akrtakam drstam yathakasam iti / tatra
krtakatvam prayatnanantaryakatvam va sapaksa
evasti vipakse nastyeva / ityanityadau hetuh //
²§«~ªÌ¡A¿×©ó¬O³B¡AµL¨ä©Ò¥ß¡CY¦³¬O±`¡A¨£«D©Ò§@
¡A¦pµêªÅµ¥¡C¦¹¤¤©Ò§@©Ê©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A¹M¬O©v
ªk¡A©ó¦P«~©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¹MµL¡F¬OµL±`µ¥
45 ¶
¦]¡C
7. `drstanto dvividhah / sadharmyena vaidharmyena
ca` //
³ë¦³¤GºØ¡J¤@ªÌ¦Pªk¡A¤GªÌ²§ªk¡C
8. `tatra sadharmyena tavat / yatra hetuh
sapaksa evastitvam khyapyate / tadyatha
/ yat krtakam tad anityam drstam yatha
ghatadir iti` //
¦PªkªÌ¡AY©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C¿×Y©Ò§@
¡A¨£©¼µL±`¡AÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡C
9. `vaidharmyenapi / yatrasadhyabhave hetor
abhava eva kathyate / tadyatha / yannityam
tad akrtakam drstam yathakasam iti /
nityasabdenatranityatvasyabhava ucyate
/ akrtakasabdenapi krtakatvasyabhavah /
yatha bhavabhavo ¡¦bhava iti` //
²§ªkªÌ¡AY©ó¬O³B¡A»¡©Ò¥ßµL¡A¦]¹M«D¦³¡C¿×Y¬O±`
¡A¨£«D©Ò§@¡A¦pµêªÅµ¥¡C¦¹¤¤±`¨¥¡Aªí«DµL±`¡C«D©Ò
§@¨¥¡AªíµL©Ò§@¡F¦p¦³«D¦³¡A»¡¦W«D¦³¡C
10. `uktah paksadayah` //
¤w»¡©vµ¥¡C
11. `esam vacanani parapratyanakale sadhanam /
tadyatha / anityah sabda iti paksavacanam
drstam yatha ghatadir iti
sapaksanugamavacanam / yannityam tad akrtakam
drstam yathakasam iti vyatirekavacanam` //
¦p¬O¦h¨¥¡A¶}®©¥L®É¡A»¡¦W¯à¥ß¡C¦p»¡ÁnµL±`¡A¬O¥ß
©v¨¥¡C©Ò§@©Ê¬GªÌ¡A¬O©vªk¨¥¡CY¬O©Ò§@¡A¨£©¼µL±`
¡A¦p²~µ¥ªÌ¡A¬OÀH¦P«~¨¥¡CY¬O¨ä±`¡A¨£«D©Ò§@¡A¦p
µêªÅªÌ¡A¬O»·Â÷¨¥¡C
12. `etanyeva trayo ¡¦vayava ityucyante` //
°ß¦¹¤T¤À¡A»¡¦W¯à¥ß¡C
¤T
¤W¦Cªº12Ó¥y²Õ¬O«ö¡m¤J½×¡nì¤å¥y§Çµe¤Àªº¡C¨CÓ¥y
²Õ¥Ñ¤@өδXÓ¥y¤l²Õ¦¨¡C(µù 5)¦b¬ã¨s³o¨Ç±ëº~¥y²Õ¤§«á
¡A§ÚÌ»{¬°¦³´XÓȱo°Q½×ªºÂ½Ä¶©M¹ïì¤å²z¸Ñªº
46 ¶
°ÝÃD¡C
¢¹.Ãö©ó¦]¤T¬ÛªºÄ¶ªk
¡m¤J½×¡nìµÛ¦³¤G³B¨ãÅé¦aÄÄz¦]¤T¬Û¡C¤@³B¨£©ó²Ä3
¥y²Õ¡A¥t¤@³B¬O²Ä6 ¥y²Õ¡C
¢Ï¡D²Ä3 ¥y²Õ
±ë»yì¤å¡Jpaksadharmatvam sapakse sattvam vipakse
casattvam //
¡]©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~¤¤¦³¡A²§«~¤¤µL¡C¡^
¥È®Nº~Ķ¡J¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡C
ì¤å¬O¤TÓ¬Ù²¤µ²ºc¡A§Y¬Ù²¤¤F¥D»y¡u¦]¡v¡F¬O¤TÓ³æºÙª½
¨¥§PÂ_¡Aªíz¦]©Ò¨ã¦³ªº¤TӤ豪ºÅÞ¿è¥\¯à¡C¥È®N¦bĶ¤å
¤¤³Ð³y©Ê¦a·§¬A¬°¤TÓ³N»y¦¡ªº¥y¤l¡C§Ú̪`·N¨ìì¤å²Ä¤@
¬Û©M²Ä¤T¬Û¨S¦³¡u¹M¡v¦r¡A²Ä¤G¬Û¤¤¤]¨S¦³¡u©w¡v¦r¡C¡u¹M
¡v©M¡u©w¡v³o¨âӨ㦳µeÀsÂI·ú§@¥Îªºµü»y¡AµLºÃ¬O®N®v¦b
½Ķ¹Lµ{¤¤«ö¦]¤äªºÅÞ¿è¯SÂI¸É¥R¶i¥hªº¡C
B.²Ä6¥y²Õ
±ë»yì¤å¡J`tatra krtakatvam praydtnanantariyakatvam
va sapaksa evasti vipakse nastyeva /
ityanityadau hetuh` //¡]¦b³o¸Ì¡A©Ò§@©Ê©Î
¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A©ó¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¤¤
ªÖ©wµL¡C¦p¬O¦]¦bµL±`µ¥¡C¡^
¥È®Nº~Ķ¡J¦¹¤¤©Ò§@©Ê¡A©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A¹M¬O©vªk¡A
©ó¦P«~©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¹MµL¡C¬OµL±`µ¥¦]¡C
ì¤å¦@¦³¨âÓ¥y¤l¡C²Ä¤@¥yªíz¦]¡]©Ò§@©Ê©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo
©Ê¡^»P¦P«~¡B²§«~ªºÃö«Y¡F²Ä¤G¥yÁ`µ²¦]§YµL±`¢w¢w©Ò§@©Ê
©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê»PµL±`ªº¥²µMªº¦]ªGÃö«Y¡Cì
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
(µù 5) ±ë»yªº¼ÐÂI²Å¸¹¥Dn¦³¨âÓ¡J"/"©M"//"¡C«eªÌÃþ¦ü
³r¸¹©Î¤À¸¹¡A©Î¤@Ó¥¼µ²§ôªº¥y¸¹¡F«áªÌ¬O¤@Ó¥y
¸¹¡A©ÎÁ`¥y¸¹¡CÁÙ¦³¤@Ó¯S§Oªº¬A¸¹"iti"¡Aªí¥Ü¦b
¥¦¤§«eªº¤å¥y¬O¤Þ¤å¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¤@ºØ¯S§O»¡©ú©Î³¯z¡C
47 ¶
¤å¨S¦³´£²Ä¤@¬Û¡u¹M¬O©vªk¡v¡A¨S¦³¦b²Ä¤G¬Û¤¤¥Î°Æµü©Êªº
¡u©w¡v¦r¨Ó×¹¢¡u¦³¡v¡A¤]¨S¦³¥Î°Æµü©Êªº¡u¹M¡v¦r¨Ó±j½Õ
²Ä¤T¬Û¤¤ªº¡uµL¡v¡Cì¤å¦ý¦³¨âÓ¥[±j»y®ðªº¤£Åܵü "eva"
¡J¤@Ó¥[¦b`sapaksa`»P asti ¤§¶¡¡Aªí¥Ü©Ò§@©Ê©Î¶Ô«iµL
¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡]¦]¡^¦b¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦a¦³¡F ¥t¤@Ó¥[¦b `vipakse
nasti` ¤§«á¡A ªí¥Ü©Ò§@©Ê©Î¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡]¦]¡^¦b²§«~
¤¤ªÖ©w¦aµL¡C ¦bµü¸q¤W§â¨âÓ "eva" ³£Ä¶§@¡uªÖ©w¦a¡v¬O
½T¤Áªº¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦P«~©M²§«~¬O¨âÓ¬Û²§ªºÅÞ¿è½dÃ¥¡A¤GªÌ»P
¦]ªºÃö«Y«ê¦n¬O¤@¥¿¤@¤ÏªºÃö«Y¡C"eva" ¦b³o¨âÓ¤£¦PªºÅÞ
¿è½dÃ¥¸Ì©Ò°_ªº±j½Õ§@¥ÎÅãµM¬O¦³©Ò°Ï§O¡C³oºØ°Ï§O¡A¹ï±ë
»y¦]©ú½×®v¨Ó»¡¡A¤£Ãøµo²{¡F¦ý¹ïº~»y¦]©ú¾ÇªÌ¨Ó»¡¡A¨Ã¤£
¨£±o¨º»ò®e©öÃѧO¥X¨Ó¡C¥È®N±Ó¾U¦aÆ[¹î¨ì³o¤@ÂI¡A¦]¦Ó§â
¦P¤@±ë»y»y®ð°Æµüªº "eva" Ķ¦¨¨âÓ¤£¦Pªºº~»y°Æµü¢w¢w
¡u¹M¡v©M¡u©w¡v¡F¨Ã¥H«eªÌ¡]¹M¡^×¹¢²Ä¤@¬Û¡u¹M¬O©vªk©Ê
¡vªº¡u¬O¡v¦r¡A©M²Ä¤T¬Û¡u²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡vªº¡uµL¡v¦r¡F¥H«á
ªÌ¡]©w¡^×¹¢²Ä¤G¬Û¡u¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡vªº¡u¦³¡v¦r¡C³o¤@Ķªk
§¹¥þ²Å¦X¦]¤T¬ÛªºÅÞ¿èì²z¡C²Ä¤@¡B¡u¹M¡v¦r»¡©ú¤F¦]¹ï©v
¡]¦³ªk¡^ªº¥]Äá©Î©P©µªºµ{«×©M½d³ò¡A¨Ã¥B¨Ï¦]»P¦P«~©M¦]
»P²§«~ªº¤@¥¿¤@¤ÏªºÃö«YÂA©ú¦a´¦¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C²Ä¤G¡B¡u©w¡v¦r
¤Ï¬M¥È®N¦b½Ķ¡m¤J½×¡nªº¦P®É¡A¤w¬°Â½Ä¶¡mªù½×¡n§@·Ç³Æ
¡F ³o´N¬O»¡¡A¥L§â±j½Õ²Ä¤G¬Û¡]¦P«~¤¤¦³¡^ªº "eva" Ķ§@
¡u©w¡v¡A¬O¬°¤E¥y¦]ªº²Ä¤K¥y¥¿¦]¡]¦P«~¦³«D¦³¡B²§«~«D¦³
¡^§@¥ñµ§¡A©ÎªÌ»¡¡A¹w³]½×ÃÒ¡C ²Ä¤T¡B¦P¤@ "eva" ªº¨âºØ
Ķªk¬O¬°¤F²Ä3 ¥y²Õ¤¤©Òºc«Ø¦]¤T¬Ûªºº~»y³N»y¡]¹M¬O©vªk
©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A²§«~¹MµL©Ê¡^´£¨Ñ²z½×¨Ì¾Ú¢w¢w³o¤TÓº~
»y³N»y¬O®Ú¾Ú³o¬q¹ï¦]¤T¬Û²z½×ªºÁ`µ²ºc¿vªº¡F³o¼Ë¡A²Ä3
©M²Ä6 ¨âÓ¥y²ÕÃö©ó¦]¤T¬ÛªºÄ¶¤å«K«e«á¤@³e¡AĶ·N¤@P¡C
¯Ï¨º±Ð¦]©ú¾ÇªÌ¬_§Q½å½×®v¡]Haribhadra¡A¤½¤¸1112 ¦~¡^
¦b¥Lªº¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¡]`Nyayapravesavrtti`¡^¤¤¹ï "eva" §@
¤F¦p¤Uªº¸ÑÄÀ¡J
`aha ihaivavadharane ¡¦bhidhanam kimartham / ucyate
/ atraivaikantasattvapratipadanartham / sapakse
tvekadese ¡¦pisattvamadustameveti / tatha ca
satyekantato vipaksavyavrttah sapaksaikadesavyapino
¡¦pi prayatnanantariyakatvadayah samyagghetava
evetyaveditam bhavati' // (µù 6)
¡]°Ý¡J³o¸Ìªí¥Ü±j½Õ»y®ðªº eva ¬On»¡©ú¤°»ò¡H µª¡J¦¹¤¤
eva ¬O¬°¤F»¡©ú¡u©ó¤@³B¦³¡v¡A¦b¦P«~¤¤¡e¦]¡f©ó¤@³B¦³¡A
µL¦³¹L¥¢¡C¨ä¦¸¡Aªí©ú¶Ô«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Êµ¥¬O¥¿½T¦]¡F¹M©ó¦P
«~¤@³B¡A¦Ó¦¹¤@³B»·Â÷²§«~¡C¡^(µù 7)
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
(µù 6) ¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¡A¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤åºë®Õ¥»¡AGaewad's
Oriental Series¨÷38 ¡A¥¿¤å¶16¡A²Ä17¡ã20¦æ¡C
48 ¶
¬_§Q½å½×®v³o¬qÄÀ¤å¤¤¦³¨âÓÃöÁä©Êªºµü¢w¢w¡u¹M`vyapin`
¡v©M¡u¤@³B`ekanta`¡v¡C¤@³B¡A¬O»¡¦P«~½d³ò¤ºªº¤@³¡¥÷
¡F¹M¡A¬O»¡¦]¹M©ó¨ä¦P«~¤¤ªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¦Ó¤£¤@©wn¹M¤Î¦P
«~¤¤©Ò¦³³¡¤À¡F¦Ó³o¤@³¡¤À«ê«ê¤S¬O»P¨ä²§«~µ´½tªº¡C¤Ñ¥D
¦b¡u¦P«~¦³¡B²§«~µL¡v¤§«á¨Ï¥Î¥[±j»y®ðªº "eva" ¥¿¬On
ÄÄ©ú¦]»P¦P¡B²§«~ªº¤@¥¿¤@¤ÏªºÅÞ¿èÃö«Y¡C¬_§Q½å½×®v³oÓ
¸ÑÄÀ¢w¢w¦]¡u¹M©ó¦P«~¤@³B¡v¡A¡u¦Ó¦¹¤@³B»·Â÷²§«~¡v¡A»P
¥È®Nªºº~Ķ¢w¢w¦P«~©w¦³¡B²§«~¹MµL¡A¦b·N¸q¤W²@µL¤GP¡C
¬_§Q½å©M¥È®N¹ï "eva" ªº²z¸Ñ¦p¦¹Àq«´¤@P¡A »¡©ú³o¨â¦ì
¦]©úÅv«Â¦³Ãö¦]»P¦P¡B²§«~ªºÄÄz¬O§¹¥þ¥¿½Tªº¡C¨ä¦¸¡A³o
¬qì¤å¬éÁ¿¦]ªº²Ä¤G¡B²Ä¤T¬Û¡A¨S¦³¯A¤Î²Ä¤@¬Û¡]¹M¬O©vªk
¡^¡A³o¬O¬°¤°»ò¡H¥È®N¦bĶ¤å¤¤¸É¼g¤F²Ä¤@¬Û¡A³o¤S¬O¬°¤°
»ò¡HÃö©ó²Ä¤@Ó°ÝÃD¡A¬_§Q½å½×®v´£¥X¤@Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡J
aha / yadisapaksa evasti tatasca tad
vyatirekenanyatra pakse ¡¦pyabhavat
dharmatvanupapattih / na anavadhrtavadharanat /
paksadharmatvasyavadharitvat /(µù 8)
¡]°Ý¡J¦pªG¡e¦]¡f©ó¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦³¡A«h¦b¦¹¤§¥~¡A¾l³B
¡e¦]¡f©ó©v¡e¦³ªk¡f«D¦³¬G¡Aªk©Ê¤£¯à¦¨¥ß¡Cµª¡J¤£¬O
©w²z¥¼³Q²z¸Ñ¬G¡F©vªk©Ê¤£¨¥¦Ó³ë¬G¡C¡^
µo°ÝªÌ¦b³o¸Ìªº´£°Ý¦ü¥G°w¹ï³o¬qì¤å¨S¦³½×¤Î²Ä¤@¬Û¡]©v
ªk©Ê¡^¡AÃhºÃ¦]°£¤F©ó¦P«~¤¤¦³¡B²§«~¤¤µL¤§¥~¡A¤£»P©v¦³
ªkµo¥ÍÃö«Y¡CªG¦p¬O¡A«K¯Ê©vªk©Ê¡C²¨¥D¦^µª»¡¡J¡u»¡¦]©v
©ÒÀH¡A©vµL¦]¤£¦³¡v¡A³oÓ¦]©ú©w²z³W©w¡A¦]»P©vµ´¹ï¤£¯à
¤À®a¡A½Í¦]¥²µMÂ÷¤£¶}©v¡C³o¬qì¤å¨S¦³©ú½T¦a½×¤Î©vªk©Ê
¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¤Ñ¥D½×®v¤£ª¾¹D³oÓ©w²z¡A¦Ó¬O©vªk©Ê¦b¦¹¤£¨¥¦Ó
³ë¬G¡CÃö©ó²Ä¤GÓ°ÝÃD¡A¥È®N¦bĶ¤å¤¤¸É¤Wì¤å©Ò¯Êªº¡u©v
ªk©Ê¡v¡]¹M¬O©vªk¡^¡A¨ä²z¥Ñ¥i¯à¬O¡J¡]¤@¡^¦]ªº²Ä¤@¬Û¬O
¥¿¦]¬Û¡A²Ä¤G¡B²Ä¤T¬Û¬O§U¦]¬Û¡C¦b³o¸Ì§Y¨Ï¬O«nÂIÄÄz
«á¤G¬Û¡A¤]À³º¥ý«a¥H²Ä¤@¬Û¡Aªí©ú§U¦]¬Ûªº§@¥Î¦b©ó¥[±j
¡B¤ä«ù¥¿¦]¬Ûªº¯à¥ß¥\¯à¡A±q¦Ó¨ãÅé¦aÅé²{¡u»¡¦]©v©ÒÀH¡v
ªºì²z¡C¡]¤G¡^³o¬qì¤å¬O¹ï¦]¤T¬Û²z½×ªºÁ`µ²¡AÀ³¸Ó¤T¬Û
¨Ã´£¡F ³o¼Ë°µ¡A¤S¥i¥H©M²Ä 3 ¥y²Õ¤¤³Ì¥ý´£¥Xªº¦]¤T¬Û¦¸
§Ç¬ÛÀ³¤@P¡C¦pªG¦bÁ`µ²¦]¤T¬Û²z½×®É¡A¶È´£²Ä¤G¡B²Ä¤T¬Û
¡A¬Ù²¤²Ä¤@¬Û¡A«K®e©ö¤Þ°_»~¸Ñ¡C³o¤@ÂI¡A¹ï©ó¨Ã¤£¤Q¤À¼ô
±x¦L«×¶Ç²ÎÅ޿誺¤¤°ê¾ÇªÌ»¡¨Ó¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦p¦¹¡C¥È
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
(µù 7) ¤è¬A¸¹¼Ð¥Xªºµü»y¬O¥»¤å§@ªÌ©Ò¥[¡C
(µù 8) ¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¡A¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤åºë®Õ¥»¡AGaewad¡¦s
Oriental Series ¨÷38¡A¥¿¤å¶18¡A²Ä1¡ã3¦æ¡C
49 ¶
®N¦b¥LªºÄ¶¤å¤¤¸É¼g¤W¡u¹M¬O©vªk¡v³oÓì¤å²¤¥hªº¥y¤l¡A
¬é¦³§Q©ó¹ï¦]¤T¬Û²z½×ªº¥¿½Tªº²z¸Ñ¡A¨ÃµL¥ô¦ó¤£§´¤§³B¡C
¢º.Ãö©ó¦P«~¡B²§«~»P¦Pªk¡B²§ªk
¢Ï¡D¦P«~¡B²§«~
±ë»yì¤å¡J1.`sapaksa`¡F2.`vipaksa`
¥È®Nº~Ķ¡J1.¦P«~¡F2.²§«~
³o¨âÓ³N»y¬O¦b¦]¤ä¤¤Á¿ªº¡Cì¤å¬O¨âÓ¾FªñÄÀ
¡]`avyayibhava`¡^ªº½Æ¦X¦Wµü¢w¢wsa-paksa ©M vi-paksa¡F
ª½Ä¶¬O¡J¡u¦P©ó©vªÌ¡v©M¡u²§©ó©vªÌ¡v¡C¥È®N©ÒĶªº¡u«~¡v
¡A§Y¡u«~Ãþ¡vªº·N«ä¡F¿×¦³¨âÃþ¨Æª«¡A¤@Ãþ»P©v¬Û¦P¡A¤@Ãþ
»P©v¬Û²§¡C³o¸Ìªº¡u©v¡v«ü©vªk¦Ó¨¥¡A§Y©v¤§«á³¯¡]©v¤§
¿×»y©ÎÅܶµ¢w¢wµL±`¡^¡C¦]¦¹ª`²¨®a§â¥¦Ì¤À§OºÙ§@¡u©v¦P
«~¡v©M¡u©v²§«~¡v¡C
¢Ð¡D¦Pªk¡B²§ªk¡]¦P³ë¡B²§³ë¡^
±ë»yì¤å¡J1.`sadharmyena`¡F2.`vaidharmyena`
¥È®Nº~Ķ¡J1.¦Pªk¡]³ë¡^¡F2.²§ªk¡]³ë¡^
¦Pªk¡B²§ªk¬O¡u¦Pªk³ë¡v©M¡u²§ªk³ë¡vªºÂ²ºÙ¡A¬O¦b³ë¤ä¤¤
Á¿ªº¡Cì¤å¬O¨âÓÅÜ®æ¡]¨ã®æ¡^ªº¦Wµü¡A¬O¬Ù²¤¥y«¬¡A§Y¬Ù
¥h¤F¥D»y`drstanta`¡]³ë¡^¡F¤G³ëªº¥þºÙÀ³¬O`sadharmyena
drstantah` ©M `vaidharmyena drstantah¡Aª½Ä¶¬°¡u¥H¦P
ªkºc¦¨ªºÄ´³ë¡v©M¡u¥H²§ªkºc¦¨ªºÄ´³ë¡v¡C¥È®NÁY¼g¦¨¨âÓ
²©úªº¤¤°ê³N»y¡J¦Pªk¡]³ë¡^©M²§ªk¡]³ë¡^¡C¤Ñ¥D¦b¡m¤J½×
¡n¤¤µ¹³o¨âÓÄ´³ë©Ò¤Uªº©w¸q¬O¡J
`tatra sadharmyena tavat / yatra hetoh sapaksa
evastitvam khyapyate / tadyatha / yat krtakam
tad anityam drstam yathaü] ghatadir iti` //
¡]°Ñ¦Ò²Ä8¥y²Õ¡^
¡]´N¦Pªk¡e³ë¡f¦Ó¨¥¡A¬O»¡³o¸Ì¦]©ó¦P«~¤¤ªºªÖ©w¦s¦b
³Q´¦¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C´N¬O»¡¡A¤Z¬O»s§@ªº²£ª«¡A«K¨£¥¦¬OµL±`
¡FÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡C¡^
`vaidharmyenapi / yatra sadhyabhave hetor abhava
eva kathyate / tadyatha
50 ¶
`/ yannityam tad akrtakam drstam yathakas'am iti`
/¡]°Ñ¨£²Ä9¥y²Õ¡^
¡]´N²§ªk¡e³ë¡f¦Ó¨¥¡A¬O»¡³o¸Ì¦b¯Ê¤F©Ò¥ß¡e©v¡fªº±¡
ªp¤U¡A¦]¤]¨S¦³¡C´N¬O»¡¡A¤Z¬O±`¦sªºªF¦è¡A«K¨£¥¦¬O
«D»s§@ªº¡FÄ´¦pµêªÅ¡C¡^
³o¨âÓ©w¸q¡A¦b§Ú̬ݨӡA¬O¦bÄÄ©ú¡J¡]¤@¡^¡B¦Pªkªº¡uªk
¡v¬O«üª«½èªºÄݩʩίS¼x¡C¦b¡uÁnµL±`¡v©Ò¥ß©v¸Ì¡AÁn¬Oª«
Åé¡A¥¦ªºÄݩʬO©Ò§@©MµL±`¡C¦pªG·QnÁ|¥X¥t¤@ª«Åé§@Ä´³ë
¡A´N±o´M§ä¨ã¦³©Ò§@©MµL±`ÄݩʪºªF¦è¡C¨Ò¦p¡AÁ|²~¬°Ä´³ë
¡C²~©MÁn¬O¨âÓ¤£¦Pªºª«Åé¡A¦ý¤GªÌ¦P¨ã©Ò§@©MµL±`ªºÄÝ©Ê
¡F¦]¦¹¡A²~¥i¥H¤Þ§@Ä´³ë¨Ó»¡©úÁnªº©Ò§@©Ê©MµL±`©Ê¡C³o´N
¬O»¡¡A§@¬°³ë¨Ìªº²~¡A¨ä³ëÅé¡]ÄÝ©Ê¡^»PÁnªºÄݩʬۦP¡A¬G
¤ê¡J¡u¦Pªk³ë¡v¡C»P¦¹¬Û¤Ï¡A²§ªk³ë¬O»¡§@¬°Ä´³ëªº¨Æª«¡]
³ë¨Ì¡^¡A¨äÄÝ©Ê¡]³ëÅé¡^¬O»P©Ò¥ß©vªº©Ê½è¬Û¤Ï¡C¨Ò¦p¡AÁ|
µêªÅ§@Ä´³ë¡AµêªÅªºÄݩʬO«D©Ò§@©M«DµL±`¡A»PÁnªºÄÝ©Ê¥¿
¦n¬Û¤Ï¡A¬G¤ê¡J¡u²§ªk³ë¡v¡C¡]¤G¡^¡B³ë¤äªº§@¥Î¦b©ó©M¦]
¤ä°t¦X¡A¥[±j¦]¤äªº¯à¥ß¥\¯à¡C³o¤@§@¥Î¨ãÅéÅé²{¦b¥¿¤Ï¨â
Ä´³ë¡J¤@Ó¬O¥Î»P©v©Ê½è¬Û¦Pªº¨Æª«¨Ó§@Ä´³ë¡A±q¥¿±¡]¦X
¡^½×ÃÒ¡uÁnµL±`¡v¡F¥t¤@Ó¬O¥Î»P©v©Ê½è¬Û¤Ïªº¨Æª«¨Ó§@Ä´
³ë¡A±q¤Ï±¡]Â÷¡^½×ÃÒ¡uÁnµL±`¡v¡C¦]¦¹¡A´N¯à¥ßªº¥\¯à¦Ó
¨¥¡A¦]¤ä¬O¥D¤O¡A³ë¤ä¬O§U¤O¡F´N¯à¥ßªº©Ê½è¦Ó¨¥¡A¤GªÌÃø
¤À°a¸þ¡C¬_§Q½å½×®v¦b¸ÑÄÀ¦Pªk³ë®É»¡¡J
tatra sadharmyena tavaditi / ...... /anena
sadhanadrstantaü]bhasah /(µù 9)
¡]³o¸Ì´N¦Pªk³ë¦Ó¨¥ªÌ¡A......¿×ÂǦ¹Åã¥Ü¯à¥ß³ë¡C¡^
ÂǦ¹¡A§YÂÇ¡u¤Z¬O©Ò§@¡A«K¨£µL±`¡AÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡v³oÓ¦Pªk³ë
¨Óªí¥Ü¯à¥ß³ë¡C¯à¥ß³ë¡A¿×¨ã¦³¯à¥ß§@¥ÎªºÄ´³ë¡C¬_§Q½åªº
¸ÑÄÀ´X¥G¬O§â³ë¤äªº¯à¥ß¥\¯à©M¦]¤äªº¯à¥ß¥\¯à¦Pµ¥¬Ý«Ý¡C
Ãҽѿs°ò©Ò»¡¡u¤G³ë§Y¦]¡v¡A¬Æ¦³¹D²z¡C¦ý¬O¡A¡]¤T¡^¡B³ë
¤äªº¡uªk¡v©M¦]¤äªº¡u«~¡v¹ê»Ú¤W¬O¨âÓ¬J¬Û¦P¤S¬Û²§ªºÅÞ
¿è½dÃ¥¡F¦]¬°¡A³ë¤äªº¡uªk¡v¡A¨ä¤º²[¤Ï¬M¡]Ánªº¡^©Ò¦³ÄÝ
©Ê¡]©Ò§@©Ê¡BµL±`¡^¡F¦]¤äªº¡u«~¡v¨ä¤º²[°¼«¤Ï¬M¡]Ánªº
¡^µL±`©Ê¡C¦bÅÞ¿èÀ³¥Î¤W¡A¡uªk¡v¬JÁpôµÛ©v¦³ªk¡]©Ò§@©Ê
¡^¡A¤SݦP©ó©vªk¡]µL±`¡^¡F¦Ó¡u«~¡v¶È©ó©M©vªk¡]µL±`
¡^¦³Ãö«Y¡Cª`²¨®a»¡³ë¤äªº¡uªk¡v¡A¡u¥¿¨ú©Ò§@¡AݨúµL±`
¡v¡A¥¿¬O¦¹·N¡C¦b§Ú°ê²{¥N¦]©ú¾ÇªÌ¤¤¡A¦³¤HÁöµM©Ó»{¦]¤ä
¤¤ªº¦P«~¬°¡u©v¦P«~¡v¡A³ë¤ä¤¤ªº¦Pªk¬°¡u¦]¦P«~¡v¡A¦ý¤S
»{¬°¬J¦³©v¦P«~¡A¦ó¥²³D¨¬¦a¤S¨ÓÓ¡u¦]¦P«~¡v¡C§ÚÌ»{¬°
¡A³o¤@»¡ªk¬O§â¡uªk¡v»P¡u«~¡v³o¨â·§©Àªº¤º²[©M¥~©µ²V¦P
°_¨Ó¡A¦]
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
(µù 9) ¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¡A¡m¤J½×¡n±ë¤åºë®Õ¥»¡A Gaewad¡¦s
Oriental Series ¨÷ 38¡A¥¿¤å¶18¡A²Ä13¡B16
¡B17¦æ¡C
51 ¶
¦Ó¬O¤@ºØ»~¸Ñ¡C
¢»Ãö©ó¡uY©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡vªºÅªªk
±ë»yì¤å¡J`yatra hetoh sapaksa evastitvam khyapyate` /
¡]°Ñ¨£²Ä8¥y²Õ¡^
¥È®NĶ¤å¡JY©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C
³o¬O³ë¤ä¤¤¦Pªk³ëªº©w¸q¡Cì¤å¬O¤@Ó¥D¿×µ²ºc¡B³Q°ÊºAªº
ª½¨¥§PÂ_¥y¡Fª½Ä¶¬O¡J¡u¦b³o¸Ì¦]©ó¦P«~¤¤ªºªÖ©w¦³©Ê³Q´¦
¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡v¡C¡]¤@¡^¡B³oÅãµM¬O¤@Ó²³æªº¥y¤l¡A¤£¬O¥Ñ¨âÓ
¥y¤l²Õ¦¨ªº½Æ¦X¥y¡C¥È®NªºÄ¶¤å¬O¥D±qIJ[ªº°²¨¥§PÂ_¥y¡C
§Ú°ê¾ÇªÌ«Ü¥i¯à¾Ú¦¹¦Ó»~Ū¦¨¨âÓ¥y¤l¡A§â¡u¦]©ó¦P«~¤¤¡v
»~§@¤@Ó¡u¦]¦P«~¡vªº³N»y¡C¡]¤G¡^¡B¬_§Q½å½×®v¹ï³o¥y¸Ü
ªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O¡J
`abhidheyahetoruktalaksanasya sapaksa evastitvam
khyapyate / sapaksa uktalaksanastasminscastitvam
vidyamanatvam khyapyate pratipa dyate vacanena'
/ (µù 10)
¡]©Ò«ü¤§¡u¦]¡v¡A§Y©Ò»¡¤§¬Û¡A¦b¦P«~¤¤ªºªÖ©w¦³©Ê³Q
´¦¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C¡u¦b¦P«~¤¤¡v§Y©Ò»¡¤§¬Û¦b¦P«~¤§¤¤¡F¡u¦³
©Ê¡v§Y¦s¦b¡F¡u³Q´¦¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡v§Y¥Î»y¨¥ªíz¥X¨Ó¡C¡^
³oÓ¸ÑÄÀ§¹¥þ«´¦Xì¤å§t¸q¢w¢wì¤åªº§t¸q¦b©ó±j½Õ¦]¡]©Ò
§@©Ê¡^¦b¦P«~¤¤ªÖ©w¦s¦b¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¦bºc¿v¤@Ó¡u¦]¦P«~¡vªº
³N»y¡C°ò©ó¦¹¡A¥È®NªºÄ¶¤å¡uÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡vÀ³Åª§@
¡u¦]©ó¦P«~¤¤¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡v¡C¡]¤T¡^¡B³o¥y¸Ü¸Ìªº¡u¦P«~¡v
¹ê½è¤W¬O¡u¦Pªk¡vªº²§¦W¡C«ö·Óè¤~´N¦]¤äªº¡u«~¡v©M³ë¤ä
ªº¡uªk¡v©Ò§@ªºÂ²§O¡A¦pªG»¡³o¸Ìªº¡u¦P«~¡v¥i¥H²z¸Ñ¬°¡u
¦]¦P«~¡vªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¨ä¤º²[ÅãµM¤ñ©v¦P«~Â×´I±o¦h¡J«eªÌ¬J
©P©µ©ó©v¦³ªk¡]©Ò§@©Ê¡^¡A¤S¦P®ÉÁpôµÛ©vªk¡]µL±`¡^¡F«á
ªÌ¶È»P©vªk¡]µL±`¡^µo¥ÍÃö«Y¡C¡]¥|¡^¡BÁÙ¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ§â³oÓ
©w¸q²z¸Ñ¬°¡uÅã¦]¤Î¦P«~¡]©v¦P«~¡^ѨM©w¦³¡v¡A³o´N¤£µL
²o±j¤§¶û¡C
¢¼.Ãö©ó¦P¡B²§³ëÅ骺ªíz
¡m¤J½×¡nì¤å¦b¦]¤ä©M³ë¤ä¨â³BÄÄz³ëªº²z½×¡C¦bÁ`µ²
¦]¡B³ë¯à¥ß¥\¯à®É¡A¤S½Æz¤F³o¤@²z½×¡C¯÷¤Þ³o¬qÁ`µ²¨Ó°Q
½×¡C
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
(µù 10) ¦P¤W®Ñ¡B¨÷¡B¶¡A²Ä14¡B15¦æ¡C
52 ¶
±ë»yì¤å¡J`esam vacanani parapratyayanakale sadhanam
/ tadyatha / anity-ah sabda iti paksavacanam
/ krtakatvaditi paksadharmavacanam / yat
krtakam tad anityam drstam yatha ghatadir iti
sapaksanugamavacanam / yannityam tad akrtakam
drstam yathakasam iti vyatirekavacanam //
¡]³o¨Ç»y¨¥¦b±Òµo¥L¤Hªº®ÉÔºÙ¬°¯à¥ß¡C¨Ò¦p¡A
¡uÁn¬OµL±`¡v¡A«K¬O©vªº»y¨¥¡F¡u©Ò§@©Ê¬G¡v¡A
´N¬O©vªk»y¨¥¡F¡u¤Z¬O©Ò§@¡A¨£©¼µL±`¡AµS¦p²~
µ¥¡v¡A«K¬O¶¶À³¦P«~ªº»y¨¥¡F¡u¤Z¬O±`ªÌ¡A¨£«D
©Ò§@¡AµS¦pµêªÅ¡v¡A«K¬O»·Â÷¡e©ó©v¡fªº»y¨¥¡C
¡^°Ñ¨£²Ä11¥y²Õ¡C
¥È®NĶ¤å¡J¦p¬O¦h¨¥¡A¶}®©¥L®É¡A»¡¦W¯à¥ß¡C¦p»¡ÁnµL±`¡A
¬O¥ß©v¨¥¡C©Ò§@©Ê¬GªÌ¡A¬O©vªk¨¥¡CY¬O©Ò§@¡A
¨£©¼µL±`¡A¦p²~µ¥ªÌ¡A¬OÀH¦P«~¨¥¡CY¬O¨ä±`¡A
¨£«D©Ò§@¡A¦pµêªÅªÌ¡A¬O»·Â÷¨¥¡C
ì¤å©MĶ¤å³£¬O®Ú¾Ú¡u»¡¦]©v©ÒÀH¡A©vµL¦]¤£¦³¡v³o¤@¦]©ú
®Ú¥»ì²z¡A¥H¦X§@ªkªíz¦P³ëÅé¡A¥HÂ÷§@ªkªíz²§³ëÅé¡CµM
¦Ó¡A¦bªízªº¼Ò¦¡¤W¡]»y¨¥§Î¦¡ªº¹B¥Î¡^¡A¡m¤J½×¡nªºì¤å
©M¡mªù½×¡nªºÄ¶¤å³£¨Ï¥Î¥þºÙªÖ©w§PÂ_¡C¬_§Q½å½×®vªº¡m¤J
½×²¨¡n¤]¬O«öìµÛªºªÖ©w§PÂ_¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡C(µù 11) ¥È®N¥ý¦b¡m
¤J½×¡nĶ¤å¤¤¨Ï¥ÎIJ[ªº°²¨¥§PÂ_¡A«á¦b¡mªù½×¡nĶ¤å¤¤±Ä
¨ú¥þºÙªÖ©w§PÂ_¡C§Ú̳£ª¾¹D¡A¦b²{¥N¬ì¾Ç¤¤¡A°²¨¥§PÂ_±`
³Q¥Î¨Ó¤Ï¬M¨Æª«ªº³W«ß©Ê¡Aªíz¬ì¾Ç¹w¨£©M¬ì¾Çì²z¡C¥È®N
¥æ´À¨Ï¥Îª½¨¥§PÂ_©M°²¨¥§PÂ_¨Óªíz¦P¡B²§³ëÅé¡C³o¦ü¥G¦b
»¡©ú¡A¦¦b¤@¤d¤T¦Ê¦h¦~«e¡A¥È®N¤w®©ª¾¦P¤@´¶¹M©RÃD©Îì
²z¥i¥H«ö¤£¦Pªº±¡ªp±Ä¥Î¤£¦Pªº»y¨¥§Î¦¡¨Óªí¹F¡C
¢½.Ãö©ó©v¤äĶ¤å¤¤ªº§R¸`
±ë»yì¤å¡J`tatra paksah prasiddho dharmi
prasiddhavisesena visistataya svayam
sadhyatvenepsitah / pratyaksadyaviruddha
iti vakyasesah / tadyatha / nityah sabdo
¡¦nityo veti `//¡]¦b³o¸Ì¡A©v¬O·¥¦¨¦³ªk¡A¥H
¦³·¥¦¨¯à§O¤Î®t§O©Ê¬G¡F¬O«ö¦Û¤vªº·NÄ@¦Ó©Ò¥ß
©Ê¡CÁÙÀ³¸É¥R¡J¤£¹H²{¶qµ¥¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¥ßÁn¬O±`©Î
¬OµL±`¡C¡^°Ñ¨£²Ä2¥y²Õ¡C
¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w
(µù 11) ¬_§Q½å¦b¸ÑÄÀ¤¤¹ê»Ú¤W½Æz¤F¤Ñ¥Dªºªíz¼Ò¦¡¡C¨£
¦P¤W®Ñ¡B¨÷¡B¶¡A²Ä13¡ã20¦æ¡C
53 ¶
¥È®NĶ¤å¡J¦¹¤¤©vªÌ¡A¿×·¥¦¨¦³ªk¡A·¥¦¨¯à§O¡A®t§O©Ê
¬G¡CÀH¦Û¼Ö¬°¡A©Ò¦¨¥ß©Ê¡A¬O¦W¬°©v¡C¦p¦³
¦¨¥ßÁn¬OµL±`¡C
®Ö¹ïì¤å¡A¥È®N¦bĶ¤å¤¤§@¤F¨â³B§R¸`¡C¤@³B¬O
`pratyaksadyaviruddha iti vakyasesah`¡]¾l¨¥À³»¡¡J¤£
¹H²{¶qµ¥¡^¡C«öì¤å¡A³oÓ¥y¤l¬O¦b¡u......¬O¦W¬°©v¡v»P
¡u¦p¦³¦¨¥ßÁn¬OµL±`¡v¤§¶¡¡C¥y¤¤ªº¡u¾l¨¥¡v·N§Y¡u¸É¥R»¡
©ú¡v¡C¤Ñ¥D¦bµ¹¡u©v¡v©w¸q«á¡A¦A¸É¥R¤@¥y¡J¡u¤£¹H²{¶qµ¥
¡v¡C¦b¤Ñ¥D¬Ý¨Ó¡A³o¥y¸Ü¬O¦¨¥ß¤@Ó·¥¦¨ªº©vªº«e´£¡C¤Ñ¥D
´£¿ô¥ß½×ªÌ¡A¾¨ºÞ¥ß©v¥i¥H¡uÀH¦Û¼Ö¬°¡v¡A¦ý¤£n§Ñ°O¡u¤£
¹H²{¶qµ¥¡v³oÓ«nªº«e´£¡C§_«h¡A©Ò¥ß©v«KÅܦ¨¡u¦ü©v¡v
¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A³o¥y¸Ü¤]¬O¬°¤U¤å©Ò½×ªº¦ü©v¦Ó¹w§@³W©w¢w¢w¤§
©Ò¥H¦¨¬°¦ü©v¡A´N¬O¦]¬°©Ò¥ßªº©v»P²{¶qµ¥¬Û¹H¡C¥È®N¦bĶ
¤å¤¤§R¥h³oÓ¥y¤l¡A¦ü¥G¬O¦]¬°¥L»{¬°¦b©v¤äªº©w¸q¤¤¡A¥u
Á¿¦¨¥ß·¥¦¨ªº©Ò¥ß¡F§Y¶È¶ÈÄÄ©ú¥¿©v¡A¤£¯A¤Î¦ü©v¡C¦]¦¹¡A
¦b½×z¥¿©v®É¡A¡u¤£¹H²{¶qµ¥¡v³oÓ«e´£¡A¬O¤£¨¥¦Ó³ë¡A¤ð
¶·©ú¨¥¡C Ãö©ó²Ä¤G³Bªº§R¸`¬O¡uÁn±`¡v¤G¦r¡C «öì¤å¡A `
tadyatha / nityoh sabdo ¡¦ nityo veti` // ¡]¨Ò¦p¡A¦¨
¥ßÁn±`©ÎµL±`¡^¡C³oÓ¨Ò¥y¬O¤@ӿ逸¥y«¬¡A¥Î¥H»¡©ú¡uÀH
¦Û¼Ö¬°¡A©Ò¦¨¥ß©Ê¡v¡F·N«ä¬O»¡¡A½Ö³£¥i¥H«ö·Ó¦Û¤vªº·N¼Ö
¦¨¥ß©Ò¥ß¡J¡uÁn¬O±`¡v¡A©ÎªÌ¡uÁn¬OµL±`¡v¡CìµÛ§@ªÌªº¥Î
·N¬OÅãµMªº¡J°õÁn±`ªÌ¡]¤×¨ä¬O§pªû»yªk¾Ç®a©ÎÁn½×®v¡^¥i
¥H«ö·Ó¦Û¤vªº·N¼Ö¦¨¥ß¡uÁn±`¡v©v¡F«ùÁnµL±`½×ªÌ¡]¯S§O¬O
¦ò±Ð®{¡^¤]¥i¥H«ö·Ó¦Û¤vªº·N¼Ö¦¨¥ß¡uÁnµL±`¡v©v¡C¥È®N¦b
Ķ¤å¤¤¡A§âì¤åªº¿ï¨¥¥y«¬§ï¬°ª½¨¥¥y«¬¡F§R¥h¡uÁn±`¡v¡A
¯d¤U¡uÁnµL±`¡v§@¨Ò¤l¡C±qÅÞ¿è©M»y¨¥¨¤«×¬Ý¡A§R¥h¡uÁn±`
¡v¡AµLÃö§»¦®¡C¦ý±q¦ò±Ð®{ªº¥ß³õ»¡¡A§â¡uÁn±`¡v§R¥h¡A¦ü
¦³¯S®í·N¸q¡C¦b¦L«×¡AµL½×¬O±Cùªù¶Ç²Îªº¥¿²z¾Ç¬£¡A©Î¬O
¦ò±Ðªº¦]©ú¾Ç¬£¡A¥L̺¥ý¬O©v±Ð®a©Mõ¾Ç®a¡A¨ä¦¸¤~¬OÅÞ
¿è¾Ç®a¡C¹ï¥LÌ»¡¨Ó¡AÅÞ¿è¶È¶È¬O¤â¬q¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥Øªº¡Fõ¾Ç
¤~¬O¥Øªº¡C¦b¥ô¦ó¤@ÓÅG½×³õ¦X¡A¥LÌÁ`¬O§Q¥Î¦U¦ÛªºÅÞ¿è
¤â¬q¨Ó¹F¨ì«Å¶Ç¥»©v©Î¥»¬£ªº¥D±iªº¥Øªº¡C¤£Ãø²z¸Ñ¡A¦b©Ò
¦³«nªº¥¿²z©M¦]©úªº½×µÛ¤¤¡A¶}©v©ú¸q´N¦³§@ªÌªí©ú¦Û¤v
¼g§@¥Øªºªº¨÷ºÄmµü¡C¤Ñ¥D¦b¡m¤J½×¡nªº¶}³¹¹|¤¤´N»¡±o«Ü
²M·¡¡J¥L¼¶¼g¡m¤J½×¡n¡A ¥Øªº¦b©ó¡u®©¥L `parasamvide`
¡v¡]±Òµo¥L¤Hªº¥¿´¼¡^©M¡u¦Û®© `atmasamvide` ¡v¡]´£°ª
¦Û¤vªºÄ±®©¡^¡C¬_§Q½å½×®vªº¡m¤J½×²¨¡n¦³¨âÓ¶}³¹¹|¡J¤@
Óªí¥Ü¬°¤F§â¡m¤J½×¡nªº¦]©úì²zªíz²M·¡¡F¤@Óªí¥Ü¬°¤F
¼¦¼§²³¥Í¦Ó¼g§@¡C¤£®ø»¡¡A¥È®N§@¬°¤@¦ì°¶¤jªº¦ò±Ð®{©M±ë
º~¦ò¨åÅv«Â¡A¦bĶz¤TÂøt¨å¤¤¦ÛµMÃh¦³¦P¼Ë¦Û§Q§Q¥Lªº±R
°ªÄ@±æ¡C³o¸Ì¡A¥L§â¡uÁn±`¡v¤G¦r§R¥h¡A¬ð¥X¦a¤Ï¬M¥L¦p¦ó
°ª«×¦a¼ö·R¦ò±Ð±Ð¸q¡A¦p¦ó°í©w¦aºûÅ@¦ò±Ð¥¿²Î¡J¦]©ú¥¿²z
ªººn¥ô°È¦b©ó«Å¶Ç¦Û©vªºõ¾Ç¡C¡uÁn±`¡v¬O¥~¹Dªº¨¸¨£¡A
¡uÁnµL±`¡v¬O¦ò±Ðªº¥¿¨£¡C¤@Ó¯u¥¿ªº¦ò®a¦]©ú½×®v¤£¯à³æ
¯Â¦a¬°Á¿¦]©ú¦ÓÁ¿¦]©ú¡AÀ³¸ÓɧU¦]©ú³oÓ¬ì¾Çªº±À²z¤u¨ã
¨Ó¶Ç¼½¦Û©vªº¦ò±Ðõ¾Ç¡C´N¥H¡m¤J½×¡n¦Ó¨¥¡A¥¦À³¸Ó«ÂI¦a
«Å
54 ¶
¶Ç¦ò±Ð¥¿½TÆ[ÂI¡J¤@¤Á¦³¬°ªk¡]¥]¬AÁn¦b¤º¡^¬Ò¬OµL±`¡C°ò
©ó³o¤@¬Ýªk¡A¦bĶ¤å¤¤¦CÁ|¥¿±ªº¨Ò¤l¡uÁn¬OµL±`¡v´N¨¬¥H
»¡©ú°ÝÃD¡A¤£¥²¦A¤Þ¤Ï±Æ[ÂI¡uÁn±`¡v¡C¥È®N¤§©Ò¥H§âì¤å
"tadyatha / nityah sabdo ¡¦nityo veti // ¡]¨Ò¦p¡A¦¨
¥ßÁn±`©ÎµL±`¡^ " Ķ§@¡u¦p¦³¦¨¥ßÁn¬OµL±`¡v¡A ¦Ó§R¥h¡u
Án±`¡vªº¨Ò¤l¡A¨ä²z¥Ñ«Ü¥i¯à´N¦b©ó¦¹¡C
¥|
®Ú¾Ú¥H¤Wªº°Q½×¡A§ÚÌ»{¬°¥È®N¹ï¦]¤T¬ÛªºÂ½Ä¶¡A§¹¥þ
²Å¦XìµÛ·N¦®¡A«´¦X¦]©úì²z¡F¯S§O¬O¥L«ö±ë¤å¦]©úìµÛºc
¿v¤F¤@®M¦]©ú¾Çº~»y³N»y¡Aªí²{¥X¥LµL·\¬°¤@¦ì«D¤Zªº¦]©ú
¾Ç²z½×¤Ñ¤~¡C§Ú̮ھڡm¤J½×¡nì¤å¼á²M¤F¤@¨Ç¹ï¥È®NĶ¤å
ªº»~Ū©M»~¸Ñ¡A¦P®É¡A«ü¥X¥È®N¦bĶ¤å¤¤§R¥hªº¡B¨´¤µ©|¥¼
¬°¤¤°ê¾ÇªÌª¾¹DªºÓ§Oì¤åµü¥y¡F¦Ó³o¨Çµü¥y¦b¬YºØ·N¸q¤W
»¡¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¤£«nªº¡C¥»¤å¬°¦¹´À¥È®N§@¤F±À´ú©Êªº¡A¦ý¥¼
¥²¥¿½TªºÅG¸Ñ¡C
55 ¶
Traiupya in Nyaya-pravesa and its Chinese Version by Xuan Zhuang
Wu Bai-hui
Member of the academic Committee, Institute of Philosophy,
Chinese academy of Social Science
Summary
There has been somewhat a hot discussion on
the theory of Trairupya in the circle of Chinese
Hetu-vidya pundits. Some scholars even cherish
doubts regarding the accuracy of the Chinese
version of Trairupya by Xuan Zhuang, the master
Buddhist Tripitaka translator of worldrenownd. The
present paper is intended to supply, from the
Sanskrit original of the Nyaya-praves'a, some
materials that would be of help in removing the
aforesaid doubts.
Sect.¢¹.About the rendering into Chinese of the
term Trairupya.
Sanskrit¡Jpaksadharmatvamþ¶sapakse
sattvamþ¶ vipakse casattvam.
Chinese¡J¹M¬O©vªk©Ê¡A¦P«~©w¦³©Ê¡A²§«~¹M
µL©Ê¡C
The meaning of the Chinese word "¹M¡]bian¡^"
¡]distribution¡^is not seen in the first rupa
¡]paksadharmatva¡^and the third one
¡]vipaksa-asattva¡^; and the work " ©w¡]ding¡^"
¡]certainty¡^is also not met with in the second
one¡]sapakse sattva¡^. These two Chineses
words are additionally given by Xuan Zhuang in his
chinese version. The complement of these Chinese
words seems as being grounded on the meaning of
"eva" that will be dealt with in Sect. II next.
Sect. ¢º.Xuan Zhuang¡¦s creative rendering
of "eva" into Chinese "¹M¡]bian¡^"and"
©w¡]ding¡^".
56 ¶
Sanskrit¡Jtatra krtakatvam
prayatnanantaryakatvam va
sapaksa evasti vipkse nastyeva.
ityanityadau hetuh.
Chinese¡J ¦¹¤¤©Ò§@©Ê©ÎÄU«iµL¶¡©Òµo©Ê¡A¹M¬O©v
ªk¡A©ó¦P«~©w¦³¡A©ó²§«~¹MµL¡C
The Sanskrit sentences do not contain such
meaning as denoted by the Chinese words" ¹M¡]bian¡^
"an" ©w¡]ding¡^"; but they each have a
Sanskrit particle"eva"denoting emphasis. Xuan
Zhuang renders this very particle"eva"into Chinese
words"¹M¡]bian, meaning distribution¡^ "and" ©w
¡]ding, meaning certainty¡^ "; and adds, in
accordance with the different functional
principles of Trairupya, the former to the first
and third rupas, and the latter to the second one
respectively in his Chinese version. More-over,
the complementary Chinese term ¡u¹M¬O©vªk¡v
¡]paksadharmatva¡^appears in the Chinese version,
but not in the Sanskrit original.
Sect. ¢».About"sapaksa ¦P«~" and "sadharmya
¦Pªk".
Sanskrit¡Ja. sapaksa ; b. sadharmya.
Chinese ¡Ja.¦P«~; b.¦Pªk.
Both of the sapaksa and the sadharmya play almost
the same role of sadhana in Hetuvidya; the sapaksa
is dealt with in the hetu avayava while the
sadharmya in the dstanta avayava. It is obvious
that each of these two terms has its own
functional scope : The sapaksa is related only to
the paks adharma¡]predicate¡^, while the
sadharmya is distribted first over the
paksadharmin¡]subject¡^and then the
paksadharma. It shows from his that the logical
scope where the sadharmya operates is wider than
that where the sapaksa functions. The sadharmya
has an independent role to play in Hetuvidya,
and is not to be considered as superfluous as by
some scholars.
Sect. ¢¼.How to demonstrate the intrinsic
nature¡]svabhava¡^ of a sadharmya and
that of a vaidharmya.
57 ¶
Sanskrit¡Jyatkrtakam tadanityam drstam yatha
ghatadiriti. yannityamþ¶tadakrtakam
drstam yathakas'am iti.
Chinese¡J¿×Y©Ò§@¡A¨£©¼µL±`¡AÄ´¦p²~µ¥¡C¿×Y¬O±`
¡A¨£«D©Ò«D¡A¦pµêªÅµ¥¡C
In the Sanskrit text the method of anvaya by which
to demostrate the intrinsic nature of a sa ü]
dharmya and that of vyatireka by which to display
the intrinsic nature of a vaidharmya are both
written in a suject-predicate compound sentence of
affirmative mood; but Xuan Zhuang changes them
into a conditional one of subjunctive mood in his
Chinese version, which looks closer to the
practice of logical language in style.
Sect. ¢½.About the reading of"Y©ó¬O³B¡AÅã
¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C"
Sanskrit¡Jyatra hetoh sapaksa
evastitvam khyapyate.
Chinese¡JY©ó¬O³B¡AÅã¦]¦P«~¡A¨M©w¦³©Ê¡C
The Sanskrit sentence is very clearly a single one
of affirmative mood, and not of two sentences.
Xuan Zhuang makes it into two Chinese sentences of
subjunctive mood, and this is perhaps the cause
that misleads some scholars to take it as two
sentences. It is in this Sanskrit sentence to
merely lay stress upon a hetu that certainly
remains in its sapaksa, and not to create a term
for sapaksa, and also not to mean"a demonstration
of the definite existence of a hetu and its sapaksa".
Hetuvidya of India like the traditional logic is a
science of precise thinking. Xuan Zhuang while
translating Sanskrit texts of Hetuvidya,
succeeded in creating a set of Hetuvidya terms in
Chinese, accurately corresponding to their
Sanskrit originals. It goes without saying that
one could hardly have done so if one were not a
great master of the Hetuvidya science.
58 ¶