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The Historical Significance of Chang Shang-ying's
Defense of Buddhism
Huang Chi-chiang
Associate Professor of Chinese,
Hobart and William Smith Colleges
Summary
"In defense of the dharms" (hu-fa) is an important theme
in the history of Chinese Buddhism. That Buddhist monks led
or participated in the defense of the dharma has been only
natural. Throughout Chinese history, however, there have been
pro-Buddhist Confucians who acted as defenders of the dharma.
These "defenders from the outside" (wai-hu) were often well
versed in Confucian and Buddhist texts. They also learned
from their predecessors' experiences and acquired a composite
knowledge concerning the defense of the dharma. With this
background and their understanding of Buddhism and Confucianism
on the basis of comparison, they believed that they saw the
problems of anti-Buddhist diatribes. In order to do justice
to the two teachings, they advocated the co-existence of the
two¢w¢wsometimes three, if Taosim was included. While some
of them might take a conciliatory approach to correlating
these two (or three )teachings, most of them acknowledged the
supremacy of Buddhism over Confucianism and held the former
in the highest esteem.
This article addresses the issue of the Confucian defense
of Buddhism with special reference to Chang Shang-ying(1043¡ã
1121),who was prime minister at the court of Emperor Hui-tsung
(r.1101¡ã1105).It discusses the historical significance of his
patronage and defense of Buddhism. It offers a disinterested
account of his active involvement with Buddhist institutions,
his unflagging support of younger and outstanding clerics, his
genuine concern for the reputation and growth of Buddhist
institutions, and his lengthy apologetic writing defending the
Buddhist dharma. The article analyses his famous essay, viz.,
"Essay in Defense of the Dharma" (Hu-fu lun), which challenged
the Confucians' attack
165¶
on Buddhism, and argues that it repressents a rational and
logical discussion on the inherent differences between the two
teachings. Unlike many previous essays written to safeguard
Buddhism, it is an appologetic writing which defends Buddhist
dharma in its own terms rather than a doctrinal potpourri of
two or three teachings.
The article consists of six sections. The first section
defines the Chinese term hu-fa in the context of religious,
or more specifically, Buddhist history, It explains that the
formation of Sung hu-fa discourse was partly stirred up by
the annoying resurgence of the traditional, chauvinistic I-hsia
lun¢w¢wa notion that asserts the alien origin of Buddhism and
its inferiority vis-a-vis native Chinese culture. It also
arose from the Sung anti-Buddhist proposition that "Buddhism
grew out of Confucians' inability to safeguard their own
teachings." Chang Shangying took it upon himself to repond to
this line of anti-Buddhist censure. The second section takes
into account Chang's historical image, pointing out the
contrasting roles he played in politics and religion. It
demonstrates the significance of his hu-fa experience, which
was made particularly evident by the manifold goals of his
essay, the Hu-fa lun. The third section details Chang's
unswerving patronage of Buddhism on the basis of various
Sung sources, including Buddhist histories, monastery records,
Sung scholars' random jottings, and local gazettes. It argues
that Chang supported Buddhist institutions as an offical as
well as an individual, and his support clearly entails counsel
and admonition. The fourth section discusses the possibility
of Chang being inspired by some of his precursors, in particular
Lung Ch'ang-ch'i (fl.Chen-tsung's reign),a native of his home
province and a recluse scholar.
The fifth section of the article further discusses the
background and motivation of Chang's writing of the Hu-fa lun,
along with its content and goals. This section comprises three
parts: the first part focuses on Chang's refutation of anti_
Buddhist strictures which Ou-yang Hsiu(1007¡ã1072)and his cohort
had passed on Buddhism; the second part outlines how Chang
differentiated the three teachings and accentuated the supremacy
of Buddhism; the third part depicts his seemingly rational
interpretation of contemporary popular Buddhist beliefs. The
final section reiterates Chang's assertion of the positive
value and functions of Buddhism as a higher form of religion
and the edifying effects of this favorable
166¶
affirmations. It broaches the potential impact of Chang's
work:as a retired prime minister and a Confucian elite who
stood up to countering the anti-Buddhist condemnation and
to protesting against the proscription of Buddhism, he would
doubtless hearten the despondent Buddhist clergy who were
despairing of their future.
In sum, Chang Shang-ying's defense of Buddhism was
unprecedented. He insisted that rulers should be advised not
to purge any religion, and that Buddhism is the ultimate cure
of all social ailments which should in no way be condemned.
His views and arguments appealed widely to pro-Buddhist
Confucians in later times and enriched their works aiming at
the defense of Buddhism. Much admired by fellow Chinese
defenders, he also inspired the monks in Korea and Japan who
braved the danger of religious persecution to defend the
dharma on their respective lands.
Key Words: 1.controversial 2.epistemology 3.apologetics
4.hermeneutics 5.metaphor 6.reality 7.upright
8.incorruptible