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¶264
A Survey on How the Chinese Buddhist Pilgrims
to Learn
Sanskrit before and after Their Departure
to go to India
Tso, Sze-bone
Associate Researcher,
Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies
Summary
From 3rd Century to 8th Century A.D. there were
many Chinese Buddhist cleric or lay pilgrims went
to India to seek for the Buddhist Dharma. Before
their departure, they should have to learn Sanskrit in
order to communicate with the Indian Buddhist monks.
Firstly, they learnt this language from the monks
who came from India or the Buddhist states in Central
Asia to China to preach the Buddhist truth. And
then, they followed the Indian lay immigrants,the
Chinese pilgrims who returned from India and the
member of the Translation Centres in China to learn.
In order to go to China to surmon the Buddha's
doctrines, the Western monks should have to
learn the Chinese language in the first place. Or
they could not communicating with the Chinese people
after arrived. Therefore, they accompanied with the
Chinese travelling merchants to head China and learnt
the above-mentioned language en route. The media for
their linguistic learning, the author believes, were
Sogdian and Prakrit. After they reached the Ho-hsi
Corridor of China, the Western clerics advanced their
Chinese Language by the assistance of the bilingual
Lesser Ju-chih people that living there. After that,
the Western monks taught Sanskrit trough the media
of Chinese to the Chinese monks or laymen who
intended to make their pilgrimage to India.
Why did the people of Lesser Ju-chih could give
hand to the Western monks?It is due to the fact that
during lst Century to 3rd Century A.D., India had
once been under the sovereignty of the Gandharaaþö
(also known as 'Kusaana' or 'Kushan' ) Kingdom
that established by the people of Great Ju-chih in the
Valley of Amu Daria. In this situation, the Indian
monks of this period would have been learning more or
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¶265
less the sovereign Ju-chih language. And the
people of Lesser Ju-chic, however, were the same
people of the Great Ju- chih. Therefore, the Western
monks could find their tutors to help advancing their
Chinese Linguistic level after arrived the Corridor
mentioned above. For the Lesser Ju-chih spoke both
Chinese and their own language.
After the Chinese pilgrims had already learnt
Sanskrit to a certain level, they began to
engage their pilgrimage. If a pilgrim who went
westward by land, along his pilgrimage route were the
Central Asian Buddhist states. And Sanskrit was
very popular among the Monastic Order of these
state.In case that Chinese pilgrim who facing some
difficulties and seeking help, simply he just found
a Buddhist establishment in that strange country and
used Sanskrit to communicate with the monastic
members, his problem would therefore be solved.
Therefore, this is no need for a Chinese pilgrim to
learn many foreign languages of the different Central
Asian states.
Normally, one should take a three year journey
to reach India from China in the past.In case a
Chinese pilgrim who used to speak Sanskrit to the
Central Asian Clerics, and listened to the
preachers of the local monks, or even debated
Buddhist doctrines with them during his three
year journey, his Sanskrit would become very fluent
when arrived India. This would be the reason why the
Chinese pilgrims who set foot by land more then that
by sea to go to India.
According to the historical records, some of
the Chinese cleric pilgrims learnt many different
western language during their pilgrimage. This is due
to their personal linguistic talent and interest.
Key words: 1. the mediate role played by the people
of Lesser Ju-chih
2. the popularity of Sanskrit among the
Buddhist establishments in Central Asia
3. three years en route before reaching
India and the practising of Sanskrit
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