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¶394
From the "Middle Way of the Two Truths" in
Maadhyamika to the Confrontation Between T'ien-t'ai
and Hua-yen Thought in Post-Maadhyamika Discourse
----With Discussion of the Characteristics of
T'ien-t'ai Thought and its Limitations
Charles Fu
Summary
The three truths expounded in Chinese T'ien-t'ai
and Hua-yen thought do not contradict the understanding
of the two truths in Maadhyamika, and in fact resolve
the dilemma Maahyamika thinkers faced when discussing
this problem. In particular, T'ient-t'ai thinker Chih-i,
as a part of his innovative hermeneutic, developed the
notion of "three truths," namely, emptiness, provisionality,
and the middle. Chih-i held that, through contemplation,
the three truths can be understood as one truth. In this
way, he integrated the theory of truth the realization
of practice. This hermeneutic led to four distinguishing
characteristics of T'ien-t'ai thought: (1) The two
truths are inter-penetrating and non-dual. (2) Phenomena
are themselves noumena, a notion that affirms the value
of the real world. (3) The contemplation of mind, as
in the "Perfect and sudden calming and contemplation,"
is directed towards "contemplating everything as empty,"
rather than holding that "everything is empty," (4)
The worship and practice of the "one-vehicle Buddha"
of the Lotus Suutra is the foundation of practice for
all beings. These characteristics disclose the
Mahaayaana spirit of Chinese "this-worldly" Buddhism.
In the Sung and Mind Dynasties, T'ien-t'ai thought
became embroiled in the controversy between the Shan-chia
and Shan-wai subsects over the question of the "true
mind"versus the" ignorant mind," and did not develop
significantly. The mond Dogen, on the other hand,
introduced interesting new elaborations to these
issues in Japan.
¶395
(The present paper was presented at the
"Academic Conference on the History and Teachings of
the T'ien-t'ai School" on December 16, 1995.)
Key words: 1. two truths 2.three truths
3. conventional truth 4.ultimate truth
5. phenomena as truth in itself