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­¶24

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A Discussion of the 42 Syllabary

Wang Bangwei

Professor, Department of East Asian Studies,

Peking University

 

Summary

¡@¡@Scholars agree that ¡§the 42 (arapacana) Syllabary¡¨ was designed to assist memory and to help spread Buddhism.  However, there is disagreement as to the source of this alphabet, assigning it to Central Asia, northwestern India, or India proper.  I believe that examination of its linguistic properties and the conception of Buddhist texts indicates northwestern India as the most probably source.  However, using ¡§Syllabary (Letter Doors)¡¨ to express, recite, and remember texts has a long tradition in India proper and in Sanskrit literature.¡@Professor J. Brough of Cambridge in England was the first to notice that when Zhufahu (Western Jin Dynasty, 239~316 A.D.) mentioned the 42 Syllabary in his translation of the Puyao Sutra, at the beginning of each section he did not provide letters, but words. This is unique among all texts concerning the 42 Syllabary.¡@During the South and North Dynasties (5th and 6th centuries A.D.), Hui-shi wrote An Exposition on the Meaning of the 42 Syllabary; unfortunately, this work was lost sometime after the T¡¦ang Dynasty.  The Qing Dynasty Unified Rhymes (Tongwen Yuntong) includes charts comparing the letters recorded in the Canon. These charts compare the letters listed in thirteen sutras; nine of these alphabets are of 42 letters.¡@ However, the 42 Syllabary is not directly related to the Siddham alphabet.  Nonetheless, the 42 letters begin with DHA-RA-NI-MU-KHA, which actually can function as a mantra, so the letters may not only be recited, but also written, so of course they were considered a type of Siddham.  Especially during the T¡¦ang Dynasty, when both Tantric and Siddham practices flourished, they influenced each other, and the ability to write Siddham letters was prized among the fashionable gentry.

 

Key words: 1. 42 syllabary  2. Puyao Sutra  3. Siddham  4. Sanskrit

 


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[2]       J. Brough: The Arapacana syllabary in the old Lalita-vistara, in BSOAS, XXXVIII, 3, 1975, pp.581¡ã585.

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