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¶23
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¤W¦¨¬°¤@®M©G»y¡A¤£¶È©À»w¡A¤]¥i®Ñ¼g¡A·íµM¤]´N³Q»{¬°¬O±x¾èªº¤@ºØ¡C¤×¨ä¬Oð¥N¡A¦ò±Ðªº±K©v©M±x¾è³£²±¦æ¡A¤GªÌ¤¬¬Ûµ²¦X¡A¤å¤H¾Ç¤h¡B¤h¤j¤Òµ¥¤]±`±`¥H¯à®Ñ¼g±x¾è¦r¬°®É©|¡C¥|¤Q¤G¦rªù¦ÛµM¦¨¬°©À»w®Ñ¼gªº¤º®e¤§¤@¡C¦ý³o¼Ë©¹©¹´N¤Þ°_¤@ºØ»~¸Ñ¡A¥H¬°³o¥|¤Q¤GÓ±ë¦r´N¬O±ë¤åªº¡u®Ú¥»¦r¥À¡v¡C¤¤°ê¥j¥Nªº¹¬¤H©M¾ÇªÌ¡A´¿¸g«Ü»{¯u¦a°Q½×¹L±ë¤å¨s³º¦³¦h¤ÖÓ¦r¥À¡A±`¨£ªº¦³¤¤Q¤G¡B¤¤Q¤@¡B¤¤Q¡B¥|¤Q¤E¡B¥|¤Q¤C¡B¥|¤Q¤»¥H¤Î¥|¤Q¤G¦rµ¥¼ÆºØ»¡ªk¡C«e´XºØ»¡ªk¡A¦b¤£¦Pªº±ø¥ó¤U¡A³£¥i¥H¦¨¥ß¡A±©¿W¥|¤Q¤G¦r»¡¹ê»Ú¤W¤£¯à¦¨¥ß¡C[5]¡@§Ú̬ݤ饻¥¦w®É´Áªº¹¬¤H¦wµMªº¡m±x¾èÂán¥H¤Î¨ä¥¦Á¿±x¾èªºµÛ§@¡A¨ä¤¤¤]¦³³o¼Ëªº¿ù»~¡C¦A¬Ý¤W±Á¿¨ìªº¡m¦P¤åþ°²Î¡n®Ñ¤¤ªº¡u¤jÂøg¦r¥À¦P²§ÃСv¡A§â¤£¦P©Ê½èªº¡u¤¤Q¦r¡v©M¡u¥|¤Q¤G¦r¡v¤£¥[°Ï§O¦a±Æ¦C¦b¤@°_¡A¦Ó¥¼¥[¥H»¡©ú¡A¬Ý¨Ó¤]¬O¦]¬°¤£²M·¡³o¨ä¤¤ªº°ÝÃD©M®t§O¡C
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¡@¡@·íµM¡A¦pªG¥u¬O±q¦ò±Ðצæ¥]¬A©À©G¥HÀò±o©v±Ð¥\¼wªº¨¤«×Á¿¡A¦ü¥G¤]¤£¥²¹L¦h¦a¥h²`¨s¥H¤W©Ò°Q½×ªº°ÝÃD¡C
¶24
¡@
Wang Bangwei
Professor, Department of East Asian Studies,
Peking University
¡@¡@Scholars agree that ¡§the 42 (arapacana) Syllabary¡¨ was designed to assist memory and to help spread
Buddhism. However, there is disagreement as
to the source of this alphabet, assigning it to Central Asia, northwestern India, or India
proper. I believe that examination of its
linguistic properties and the conception of Buddhist texts indicates northwestern India as
the most probably source. However, using ¡§Syllabary (Letter Doors)¡¨ to express, recite, and remember texts has a
long tradition in India proper and in Sanskrit literature.¡@Professor J. Brough of
Cambridge in England was the first to notice that when Zhufahu (Western Jin Dynasty,
239~316 A.D.) mentioned the 42 Syllabary in his translation of the Puyao Sutra, at the
beginning of each section he did not provide letters, but words. This is unique among all
texts concerning the 42 Syllabary.¡@During the South and North Dynasties (5th and 6th
centuries A.D.), Hui-shi wrote An Exposition on the
Meaning of the 42 Syllabary; unfortunately, this work was lost sometime after the T¡¦ang Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty Unified Rhymes (Tongwen Yuntong) includes charts comparing the
letters recorded in the Canon. These charts compare the letters listed in thirteen sutras;
nine of these alphabets are of 42 letters.¡@ However,
the 42 Syllabary is not directly related to the Siddham
alphabet. Nonetheless, the 42 letters
begin with DHA-RA-NI-MU-KHA, which actually can function as a mantra, so the
letters may not only be recited, but also written, so of course they were considered a
type of Siddham. Especially during the T¡¦ang Dynasty, when both Tantric and Siddham
practices flourished, they influenced each other, and the ability to write Siddham letters
was prized among the fashionable gentry.
Key
words: 1. 42 syllabary 2. Puyao Sutra 3. Siddham 4.
Sanskrit
[1]
¡u¤¤Q¦r¡v¤@¸`¡A¦b¥_¥»¡m¤j¯ë¯Iºn¸g¡nªº¡q¦p¨Ó©Ê«~¡r¤¤¡A¦b«n¥»¤¤«h³Q³æ¿W¤À¤F¥X¨Ó¡AÃD§@¡q¤å¦r«~¡r¡C
[2]
J. Brough: The
Arapacana syllabary in the old Lalita-vistara, in BSOAS, XXXVIII, 3, 1975, pp.581¡ã585.
[3]
ª¾¹D³o³¡®Ñ¡A¦³¨Ç°¸µM¡C¤T¤Ñ«e¦]¬°¦P¨Æªº¤¶²Ð¡A±o¥H»{ÃÑ¥xÆWªºªL¥ú©ú¥ý¥Í¡CªL¥ý¥Í¹ï¦ò±Ð©G»y·¥¦³¿³½ì¡A¬ã¨s¤]«Ü¦³¦¨´N¡C½Í¸Ü¶¡§ÚÁ¿¨ì¡u¥|¤Q¤G¦rªù¡v¥H¤Î±ë¦rªºÂ½Ä¶°ÝÃD¡A¥L©ó¬O§i¶D§Ú¡m¦P¤åþ°²Î¡n¤¤¤]¦³¤@¨Ç§÷®Æ¡CªL¥ý¥ÍÁ٥ߧY¥Î¹q¸Ü½Ð¨D¦b¥x¥_ªº¦P¨Æ±N¦³Ãöªº¤T¶¶Ç¯uµ¹§Ú¡A¨Ñ§Ú°Ñ¦Ò¡A¡m¦P¤åþ°²Î¡nªº¥þ®Ñ¡A¤]¥¿¦b±q¥x¥_¶l±H¹L¨Óªº³~¤¤¡CªL¥ý¥Í¥j¹D¼ö¸z¡A§Ú¥Ñ°J·P¿E¡C
[4]
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[5]
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