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(¨S¦³¤HÀ´ ±o)¡C¦ý¬O·í§A»¡ No human being knows («D¤HÃþ©Ò¯à»{ª¾ ªº)®É¡A¤]³\·|¨Ï¤H¬Û«H³o¬O¦]¬° human being (¤HÃþ¦s¦b ¥»¨­)¤£¬O¸U¯àªº¡A¤]³\¦b¶W¶V¤HÃþªº»â°ì¤§¥~ÁÙ¦³¤@­Ó¸U ¯àªÌ¡C ¦ý¬O¨º­Ó¸U¯àªÌ¨Ã¤£¬O¤H¡A ¬O©v±Ð¤W­±©Ò¿× Omnipotent Divine Being (¸U¯à¯«¸tªº³Ð³yªÌ)---- numinous (¯«¯µªº)¹Ò¬É(µù4)¡C ¦ý¬O³o¤w¸g¤£¬O¬ì¾Ç©Ò¯à°÷¸Ñ¨Mªº°ÝÃD¡A¤]µ´¤£¬O­õ¾Ç ©Ò¯à°÷±´¨sªº½d³ò¡C¦]¦¹§Ú­Ì¬é¦n§â¥¦¥æ¨ì©v±Ðªº»â°ì¤W¥h ¡A¦]¬°¦b©v±Ð«H¥õ¤W­±¦³¨ä¹ê»Úªº©v±Ð­×ÃÒ½d³ò¡A·íµM¬O¦³ ¨º»ò¤@¦^¨Æ¡A´N¹³¦bµØÄYªk¬Éªº»â°ì¤¤¡A¥i¥H¥Ñ½Ñ¦ò©Ò¶êÃÒ ªº©Ê¬Û¡A¦Ó®©¤J¯u±`µ´¹ïªº¹Ò¬É¡C¦Ó¥B¦b½Ñ¦ò©Ò¶êÃÒªº¥ß³õ ¤¤¡A²¦³º¬O¶Wµ´ªº¡AÀH¶¶¾÷·P¡A¦Ó²£¥ÍÁc¿³ªº§®¥Î¡A¥H¶ê¹ü ½Ñ¦ò¥\¼w¡AÅý¥L­Ì¹F¨ì¨s³ºªGıªºµ´¹ï¹Ò¬É¡C¨Ã¥B»{¬°¦b¯« ¸tªº¦ò°êªG¦ì¤W¡A¨º¬OÃè´¼¶ê©ú¤~¯à¥O¦Û©Ê²M²b¤ßÅãÅS¡A¥Ñ ¦¹ÃÒ½aªk¬ÉùØ­±ªº¤@¤Á©Ê¬Û¡C¹³³o¼Ëªº¹Ò¬É¡A·íµM¬O¶W¥X¤H Ãþ²z©Ê©Ò¯à¹F¨ìªº½d³ò¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG§Ú 49­¶ ­Ì­n§â³o¤@ºØ­×ÃÒªº«H¥õ¹Ò¬É¡A®³¬ì¾Çªº²z©Ê¨Ójustify ( ÀËÃÒ)ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¥¦´N¤w¸g¶W¶V¬ì¾Ç²z©ÊªºÀ³¥Î½d³ò¡A¬Æ¦Ü ©ó¬Oµ·²@³£¤£¬Û¤zªº¡C°²¨Ï³s§A³£¤£¯à®³­õ¾Çªº²z©Ê¡A¨ÓÃÒ ©ú³o¤@ºØ©v±Ð­×ÃÒªº¹Ò¬É¡A¨º»ò§A«ç¼Ë¥i¥H»{¬°¥¦¬O½T¦³¨ä ¨Æ©O¡S¦]¬°­õ¾Ç²z½×¬O®Ú¾Ú­õ¾Ç®a¬ã¨sªº¦¨ªG¡A©Ò«Ø¥ßªº«ä ·QÅé¨t¡A¦ý¬O¥j©¹¤µ¨Óªº­õ¾Ç®a¤]ÁÙ³£¬O¤H¡A§Ú­ÌÁÙ¨S¦³§ä ¨ì¤@¦ì actual philosopher (¹ê»Úªº­õ¾Ç®a)¡A¯u¥¿¯à°÷¹³ ¦ò®a©Ò»¡ªº¤j¦Û¦b¡B¤j¸Ñ²æªºÄ±ªÌ¡A¦Ó¥B¹ï©ó¤@¦ì¯u¯à¤j¦Û ¦b¡B¤j¸Ñ²æªºÄ±ªÌ¡A¤w¸g¤£¬O¤H¡A¦Ó¬O¶W¶V©ó¤@¤Áªº¥þ´¼¸U ¯àªº¯«¤F¡C ©Ò¥HÃö©ó³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¦b¤HÃþªº»â°ì¤¤¡A©Î³\¥u¯à°÷°Ý³o ­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¬O±q¤Hªº¥ß³õ¤W¨Ó¬Ý¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬Osuper-rational (¶W²z©Êªº)¡A¶W¶V©ó¤HÃþ©Ò¯à°÷¹B¥Îªº¤@¤Á²z©Êªº½d³ò¡C ¦]¦¹¹ï©ó¨º¤@­Ó¯à°÷³z¹L­×ÃÒı®©ªº°ÝÃD¡A§Ú­Ì«K¥u¯à¶W¶V ¤@¤Áª¾ÃѪº·¥­­¤§¥~¥h±´¨s¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬O¤@­Ó¤£¥i«äij¡B¯«©_ ¶ø§®ªº¹Ò¬É¡A³oµ´¤£¬O§Ú­Ì²{¹ê¤H¶¡©Ò¨ã¦³ªº¨ººØ¦³­­¯à¤O »P²z©Ê¬É­­(±d¼w¤§»y)ªº¤H¡A©Ò¯à°÷¸Ñ¨Mªº°ÝÃD¡C³o´N¬O¬° ¦ó¦b³o­Ó¥@¬É¤W­±ªº¤@¤Á©v±Ð¡A³£­n§â¨º¤@­Óı®©¤j¦Û¦b¡B ¤j¸Ñ²æªº°ÝÃD¡AÂk¤§©ósuper-rational realm (¶W²z©Êªº»â °ì)¤W­±ªº numina power (¦uÅ@¯«ªº¤O¶q)¥h¸Ñ¨M¡A¦Óµ´¤£ ¬O¤H©Ò¯à°÷½a¨sªº¶Õ¤O½d³ò¡C ±q³o¤@ÂI¤W¬Ý¨Ó¡A©Ò¥H§Ú»¡­õ¾Ç®a¤@©w­n°í¦u¦Û¤vªº¥» ¥÷¡A¾å±o¦b­õ¾Ç²z©ÊªºÀ³¥Î¤W¡A¬O¦³¥¦ªº½d³òªº¡A¤d¸U¤£­n ÀH·N­n¶W¶V³o­Ó½d³ò¡A±j¤£ª¾¥H¬°ª¾¡A¤Ï¦Ó¦Û°Q¨S½ì¡C¦Ó¥B §Ú­Ì¤]À³¸Ó­n¹ïreason (²z©Ê)»Psuper-reason(¶W²z©Ê)¤§ ¶¡¡Aµ¹¤©¾A·íªº¤À¿ì¡C¦b³oùØ­±²£¥Í¤F¨âºØ¿ìªk¡F¤@ºØ¬O­n ±q©v±Ðªº»â°ì¤W¥h­n¨D§ï­²¡A¦]¬°¦³³\¦hªº©v±Ð¡A¦bªí­±¤W ¬O±À±R¤@ºØ¯«¡A¬°µL©Ò¤£¯àªº The Omnipotent (¤W«Ò)¡A¬O ¸U¯àªÌ¡C¦ý¬O¨Æ¹ê¤W­±¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡¡A±q§Æþ¥H¨Ó¡A¤@ª½¨ì §Æ§B¨Óªº«ä·Q¡A¬Æ¦Ü´£¨ì modern form of world religion (ªñ¥N¥@¬É©v±Ðªº§Î¦¡)¡C§Ú­Ì¥J²Ó¥hÆ[¹î®É¡A³£µo²{¥L­Ì³£ ²£¥Í¤F¤@ºØ¤ò¯f¡A³o¤@ºØ¤ò¯f¡A¦pªG§Ú­Ì¥H§Æþ¥Á±Úªº¥ß³õ ¨Ó¬Ý®É¡A«K¦pOrpheusism religion (¶ø¶O´µ¥D¸q©v±Ð)©Ò»¡ ªº¡RGod is in heaven and all is wrong with the world. 50­¶ (¤W«Ò¦b¤Ñ°ê¦Ó©Ò¦³¤£¦nªº»P¥@­Ñ¦s)ªº³o¤@ºØ«H¥õ¡C¦P®É¦b §Æ§B¨Óªº©v±ÐùØ­±¤]¦³ God is in heaven and all is wrong with the world.ªº«H¥õ¡C ¦p¦¹»¡¨Ó¡A¦ü¥G¦n¹³»{¬°¦b¤H©Ò¥Í¬¡ªº³o¤@­Ó¥@¬É¤W­± ¡A¥L¬O¤@¶}©l´N¦b¼Z¸¨¡AµM«á±qfalling human world (¼Z ¤Jªº¤HÃþ¥@¬É) ùØ­±¡A¦A²£¥Í¥X¨Ó¤H¡A¦Ó³o¼Ëªº¤H¡A¦bª¾ÃÑ ¤W­±©Ò²£¥Íªº¤@¤Á«ä·Q¡A³£¬O¿ù»~ªºª¾ÃÑ¡A¦b¦æ°Ê¤W­±³£¬O ©ü©À¦k°Êªº¡C²{¦b±q³o¤@­Ó±¡§Î¤§¤U¥h¬Ý¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡¦b¤@ ¤Á©v±Ð¤W­±¡A°£±¼¦L«×±Cùªùªº©v±Ð¡A©ÎªÌ¬O±q«á¨Óµo®i¦Ó ¦¨ªºµØÄY©vªº¦ò¾Ç»â°ìªº©v±Ð¡A¥L­Ì³£¬O­nÂX¤j©v±Ðªº»â°ì ¡A¦Ó¤£¬O­n­­¨î©v±Ðªº»â°ì¡CÄ´¦p¹³µØÄY¸g¤¤§Î®e´¶½åµÐÂÄ ¤ß¥ú¤§¼s¤j¡A¦æÄ@¤§²`¡A¬O¥HºÉªk¬É¡AµêªÅ¬É¡A¤Q¤è¤T¥@¤@ ¤Á¦ò«b·¥·L¹Ð¼Æ½Ñ¥@¬É¬°¹ï¹Ò¡C³oùةҿתººÉªk¬ÉµêªÅ¬É¡A ¬O«üµL½×¾î¥@¬É¡B½Ý¥@¬É¡B¥õ¥@¬É¡BÂÐ¥@¬É¡B«b«b¹Ð¹Ð¡BºØ ºØ¥@¬É¡A¤D¦ÜºÉµêªÅ¤¤©Ò¦³¥@¬É¬°¹ï¹Ò¡C¤×¨ä¬O¦bµØÄY¸g¤¤ ©Ò¸à¥Üªºªk¬É½t°_¡A§ó¬O¹üÅã¥X¨äÅé¥Îªº¼s¤j¡A±¡¾¹ªº¿Ä³q ¡A®ÉªÅªº¥æÃÑ¡A¦Ó§Î¦¨«Òºô¬Û¬Mªº¤£¥i«äij¹Ò¬É¡C(½Ð°Ñ¾\ µØÄY¸g´¶½å¦æÄ@«~) 1¡B¥Ñ©v±Ð±¡ºü©Ò¦ÛµM¬yÅS¥X¦h¯«±ÐªºÆ[ÂI ±q³o¤@­ÓÆ[ÂI¤W¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡µL½×¬O¥j©¹¤µ¨Ó¡A ¦b©v±Ð¤W­±©Ò²£¥ÍªºÅG½×°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O controvert about deism, theism and pantheism (ÅG»é¦³Ãö¦ÛµM¯«±Ð¡B¤@¯«½× ©M¦Æ¯«½×)¡C¦ý¬O°£±¼¦Æ¯«½×¤§¥~¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡´¶³q¤@¯ë¤H ªº©v±Ð«ä·Q¡A°²¨Ï©ó¦b¦ÛµMª¬ºA¤§¤Uµo®iªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H»¡¬O¤@ ºØ nature religion (¦ÛµM©v±Ð)¡C¦ý¬Onature religion¡A ¨Ã¤£¬O«Ü°ª¯Åªº©v±Ð¡A¥L©Ò«H¥õªº¯«¸t¹ï¶H¥i¥H»¡³£¬O±q¤H Ãþ¥Í¬¡ªº¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¤¤¿ï¥X¨Óªº¡CÄ´¦p»¡¹ï©ó©ñ²´Æ[¬Ý¤ÑªÅ¤é ¤ë¬P¨°µL¶qµLÃä¡B©ñ²´¬Ý¦a­±¤s¤t¡B¹p¹q¡B¤é»k¡B¤s±Y¡B®ü ¼S¡B¦a¾_µ¥¬O¥Ñ¦ó¦Ó¨Ó¡A³£·|²`²`¦a·P¨ìÅå©_¡A¦ü¥G¦³¤@ºØ ¯«¯µªº¤O¶q¦b­I«á±À°Ê¡C¹ï©ó³oºØ©Ç²§ªº²{¶H«K·|»{¬°¬O¯« ©Ò³y¦¨ªº©Î¯«¦bµo«ã¡A©ó¬O§Î¦¨¤F©v±Ðªº±R«ô»P«H¥õ¡C°²¨Ï ·Ó³o¼Ë¤l¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A¨º»ò¤HÃþ¤j¦h¼Æ¦b¤å¤Æ©|¥¼¦³¥R¤Àµo®i¥H «e¡A³£¬OÄÝ©ó 51­¶ Nature Religion, ©Ò«H¥õªº³£¬O¦h¯«±Ðªº¦ÛµM¯«±Ð¡C ©Ò¥H¦³¤@¦ì²`¨ã­õ¾Ç´¼¼zªº¤j¤å¾Ç®a¼w°êªºGoethe (ºq ¼w)´N´¿»¡¡R·í§Ú¹ï©v±Ð«ä·Q¶¶¨ä¦ÛµM¬yÅSªº®É­Ô¡A§Ú®Ú¥» ¬O¤@­Ó nature religionist (¦ÛµM©v±Ðªº«H¥õªÌ)¡C ¦ý¬O nature religionistªº«H¥õª¬ºA¬O¤°»ò©O¡S´N¬Oµ¥©ó¬Ý¬x³q ªºµe¡A¤@¶ô¥ÛÀY¤W­±¥i¥Hªø¥X¤@±i®à¤l¡A³o±i®à¤l¤W­±¥i¥H ¶}¤@¦·ªá¥X¨Ó¡A¨º­Óªá䪺ùØ­±¥i¥H²{¥X¤@­Ó¤HÀY©Î¤@­Ó¤H ¤ß¡C³o´N¬Onature religion¡C¥L®Ú¾Ú¦ÛµM¬Éªº¦ÛµM¤Û·Q¡A«K »¡³o­Ó¦t©zùØ­±¨ì³B³£¬O¯«¡A¨º»ò³s³o­Ó¹x¥ÛùØ­±¤]¦³¯«¡A ¤ìÀYùØ­±¤]¦³¯«¡BªáùØ­±¤]¦³¯«¡C·íµM¦bºq¼w¨º­Ó®É¥NÁÙ¤£ ¾å±o¦³­Ó¬x³qªº¤H¡A§_«h¥L¤@©w·|»¡¡R°²¨Ï§A§â§Ú·í°µ¤å¾Ç ®a¬Ý«Ýªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò§Úªº©v±Ð«ä·Q¤w¸g³Q¬x³q¤@µ§µe¥X¨Ó¤F¡C ³o´N¬O¦h¯«±Ð¡A¬O¤@ºØ¥®¸Xªº©v±Ð¡C ¦ý¬O¨º­Ó¥®¸Xªº©v±Ð¡A¦Ü¤Ö¥i¥H»¡¡RGod is not only in heaven, God is here among us, among everything. ( ¤W«Ò¤£¶È¬O¦b¤Ñ°ê¡A¤W«Ò´N¦b§Ú­Ì»P¸U¨Æ¸Uª«¤§¤¤)¡C©Ò¥H ´N¦h¯«±Ð¦Ó¨¥¡A¥@¬É¤W­±¡A®Ú¥»´N¨S¦³¦ºªºª«½è¡A´Ëù¸U¶H ¡AªLªLÁ`Á`ªº¤@¤Á¡A¨ì³B³£¬O¬¡ÅDªº¥Í©R¡C¦]¦¹ºq¼w¦b¼g¤å ¾Ç§@«~ªº®É­Ô¡A¥L´N¥H¤å¾Çªº¤Û·Q¡A­n·QºÉ±¡ºÉ²z¦a®³¦Û¤v ªº¥Í©R¥h±µÄ²¥~¦bªYªY¦Vºaªº¥Í©R¡A¦n¹³¨ì³B³£¬O¹üÅã¥X¤@ ºØ¥Í¾÷¬¡ÅDªº¥@¬É¡C¦ý¬O°²¨Ïªº·Ó³o¼Ë¤l¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A¹ï©ó³o­Ó ¥@¬É¤W­±¡A¯«¡A¨Ã¨S¦³¤°»ò·s©_¡A¨S¦³¤°»ò¯«©_¦]¬°¤Z¬O§Ú ©Ò±µÄ²ªº¡AÄ´¦p»¡§Ú¤â¤W®³¤@°¦¯»µ§¡A¤]¬O¦P¯«±µÄ²¡A©Ù¤@ ©Ù®à¤l¤]¦p¦P©M¯«±µÄ²¡A¼u¿ûµ^ªº®É­Ô¡A¤]¬O¦bªí²{¯«¤O¡C ³oùØ©Ò»¡ªº¯«¡A¨Ã¤£¬O«ü°ª°ª¦b¤Ñ°ê¤§¤Wªº¯«¡A¦Ó¬O»¡ ¥LÁ`¬O«Ü¿Ë¤Á¦aÅã²{¦b¥ô¦ó¤Hªº¥Í¬¡ùØ­±¡A¦Ó¯à°÷¦P¤HÃþ¦³ ¤@­Óª½±µ¦Ó¿Ë¤Áªº±µÄ²¡B¿Ë¤ÁªºÅéÅç¡C¦ý¬O³o¤@ºØ©v±Ð¡A°² ¨Ï¥Ñ§Æ§B¨Ó¤H¨Ó¬Ýªº¸Ü¡A¥L´N·|»¡¡R³o¬O¤@ºØ§C¯Åªº©v±Ð§Î ¦¡¡C¹ï©ó³oºØ¯«¡A¨Ã¤£¨¬¬°©_¡A¦]¬°¥¦¨Ã¤£°ª¶Q¡A¤]¤£¯«¸t ¡C¦P®É¥L¤]·|»¡¡R¦pªG God is with us, is among us. ( ¤W«Ò¬O»P§Ú­Ì¦P¦b)¡A ¨º»ò§Ú­Ì´N¥i¥H³o¼Ë»¡¡R All is right with the world, so far, so good. 52­¶ (¬ü¦nªº»P¥@­Ñ¦s¡A ¦V¨Ó³£¦p´µ¬ü¦n)¡C¦ý¬O¦pªG§Ú­Ì»¡¡R All is wrong with the world. (¤£¦nªº»P¥@­Ñ¦s)¡A ¨º»ò ¤]´N·|¦p¦¹»¡¡RGod is wrong with us. (¤W«Ò¹ï§Ú­Ì¨Ã¤£ ¦n)¡C ©Ò¥H·Ó³o¼Ë¬Ý¨Ó¡A´N¹³ºq¼w¦b¤W­±«Ü¿Ë¤Á¦a½Í½×³o¤@­Ó ©v±Ð¡A³o¬O¥Ñ©ó Goethe¨ã¦³«Ü°ªªº¤Ñ¤~¡A©Ò¥H¥L¥i¥H³Ð³y ¥X°¶¤jªº¤å¾Ç§@«~¡C¦ý¬O°²¨Ï´N¥H²{¦b®É¤Uªº©Ò¿×¹q¼v»s§@ ¤H¡A¨Ó¬Ý¤W«Òªº³o¤@­Óªí²{ªk¡A¨º»ò¦b¥L­Ìªº²´ùØ¡A¤@¤Á³£ Åܦ¨¤U¬y¤F¡A³s¤W«Ò¤]¤£¨Ò¥~¡A¤]¥i¥H»¡¤@¤Á³£Åܦ¨All is wrong with the world. (¤£¦nªº»P¥@­Ñ¦s)¡AGod is just as wrong as the human being. (¤W«Ò«ê»P¤HÃþ¤@¼Ë¤£¦n) ¡C¦]¦¹¤£½×¬O²{¦b¹q¼v»s§@¤H¹ï¤W«Òªº³oºØªí²{ªk¡A³o´N¹³ ²{¦b¤£·|¼g¸Öªº¤H¤Ï¦Ó·R¦n¼g¸Ö¡A¨S¦³¤å¾Ç³Ð³y¤~±¡¡A«o¤Ï ¦Ó¦nªíÅS¦Û¤vªº¤å¾Ç§@«~¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O¤T¡B¥|¬y¤Hª«¡A¦Ó¦b¨º ùرMªùÄF½Z¶O¡A®Ú¥»´N¤£¯à¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C 2¡B¶W¶V¤@¯«±Ðªº¥D­nÆ[ÂI ÁA¸Ñ³o¼Ëªº¤@ºØ±¡§Î¤§«á¡A§Ú­Ì¦A¨Ó¬Ý§Æ§B¨Óªº³o¤@ºØ ¥Á±Ú¡A½T¹ê¨ã¦³«Ü°ªªº¤Ñ¤~¡A¥L­Ì¯à§â¤W«Ò¡A±q±e«Uªº¥@¬É ¤¤¦V¤W­±¥h§ë®g¡A¦Ó¹F¨ì¤ÓµêªÅªº¤E¾]¶³¥~¡A¦³¦p±q¥Í·ÀÅÜ ¤Æªº²{¹ê¥@¬ÉùØ­±¡A±N¤W«Ò§ë®g¨ì¥ÃùÚ¥@¬É¤W­±¥h¡AµM«á¦A ¨ÓÃÒ©ú¤HÃþ©Ò­±¹ïªº¬O¤@¦ì¯Â¯u¡B¶W¶V¡B¥X²³ªº¤W«Ò¡A¦Ó¤H Ãþ¦Û¤v«o¬O±a¦³²³¦hªº¿ù»~¡A¥Ç¤FºØºØª¾ÃѤWªº·MÄø¡A±¡ºü ¤W¤Ï¦Ó·|²£¥Í¨g¦k¦Û¤jªº¿ù»~¡A¦]¦¹¥²µM·|²£¥Í¦ÛºF§Î©¤§ ·P¡C©Ò¥H«K·|²£¥Í¤@ºØ±a¸oªº¨­¤À¡A¦b¨º­Ó¦a¤èµo§Ý¡B¦ÛºF §Î©¡C¥Ñ¦¹«K¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¡A§Æ§B¨Ó¤Hªº©v±Ð¡A¨ä³Ìªìªºµo®i¬O deism (¦ÛµM¯«±Ð)¡A¦Ó³o­Ó Deism is a sentiment. (¦ÛµM ¯«±Ð¬O¤@ºØ±¡½ì)¡A­Õ­Y­n®³¤@³¡®Ñ¨Ó´y¼g©ÎÆg¬üªº¸Ü¡A¬é §A¥´¶}¸t¸gùØ­±ªºThe Psalms (¸Ö½g)¨Ó¬Ý®É¡A«K¥i¥H¬Ý¥X ¥L¬O¦p¦óªººq¹|¯«©ú¡AÆg¬ü¯«¸t¡C ¦P®É°²­Y§A§â¤HÃþ»P¨º­Ó¦Ü°ªµL¤Wªº¯«¸t¬Û¤ñªº¸Ü¡A¨º »ò¤@¤Áªº¤HÃþ¡A³£·|¦ÛºF§Î©¡A«K¦b¨º­Ó¦a¤èÅÜ°µcreature (¥£Áõ)¡A²£¥Í¤@­Ócreature feeling (¥£Áõ±¡¾Þ) ªº·NÃÑ §ÎºA¡C¦]¬°·í§A»P¨º­Ó¦Ü°ªªº¯«¬Û¤ñ®É¡A¤H 53­¶ Ãþ¬O¸o´cªº¡B¬O¼Z¸¨ªº¡B¬O¦ÛºF§Î©¡A¦]¦¹«K·|ªí²{¥X¤@ºØ religions sentiment (©v±Ð±¡½ì)¡C´N¹³ªñ¥N¼w°ê¯«¾Ç®a Rudolf Otto (¶ø¦ï)©Ò»¡ªº¡R¹ï©ó³o¤@ºØdeistic religion (¦ÛµM¯«½×)¡A¦n¹³§â¦Ü°ªµL¤Wªº¯«¡A°e¨ì¤Ñ°ê¤W­±¥h¡A²æÂ÷ ¤@¤Á¥@«U¥@¬É¡AµM«á¤H¯¸¦b¥@¬É¤W­±®³µÛfallen creature (¼Z¸¨¬°¥£Áõ)ªº¸ê®æ¡A¥h¥õ±æ¨º­Ó¯«¡B³B³B¦b¨ºùئۺF§Î© ¡A¦Ûı¨º¯«¬O¦Ü°ªµL¤Wªº¡B¨ã¦³µL¤ñªº´LÄY¡A¦Ó¦Û¤v¥u¬O¯¸ ¦b¸o´c²`§|ùØ­±¡A®Ú¥»µLªk¦P¤Ñ¤Wªº¯«©ú¬Û¤ñ¡C ¦]¦¹«K²£¥Í¤F©Ò¿×ªºeverything in the world, consider in connection with the man (¥@¬É¤Wªº¨C¤@¥ó¨Æ¡A³£ ´NµÛ»P¤HÃþªºÃö³s©Ê¤W»P¦Ò¼{)¡A³£¬O regeneration (­²·s ) ªº¡C©Ò¥H§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡§Æ§B¨Óªº©v±Ð¡A´N¬O±q³o¤@ÂI¥Xµoªº ¡A¦Ó¥B³o¤]¥¿¬O¼w°ê¯«¾Ç®aR. Otto©Ò­n´y¼gªº©v±Ðª¬ºA¡C °²¨Ï§Ú­Ì´N·ÓµÛ³o¼Ë¤lªº¥ß³õ¥h¬Ý®É¡AÁöµM»¡¥L¥i¥H±N¯«©ú ±À´L¨ì·¥°ªªº¦a¦ì¡A¹F©óµL©Ò¤£¦Üªº¹Ò¬É¡A¦ý¬O¦P®É«o¤]¦b ¨ºùضA©G¤H©Ê¡A¤Ï§â¤H©Ê¤Æ¦¨Ã~©Ê¡C¦p¦¹»¡¨Ó¡A³o¤@ºØ©v±Ð ´N¬O­n¤H©Ê¶S§í¨ìµLªk§Î®e¡AµLªk·Q¹³ªº¦Û¥Ì¼Z¸¨¡B¦ÛºF§Î ©ªº¸o´c²`§|¤¤¥h¡A®Ú¥»´N¨S¦³¤@ÂI¦a¦ì¡C 3¡B¯u¥¿ªx¯«½×ªº¥D­nÆ[ÂI ¥i¬O¦b¥@¬Éªº©v±Ð»â°ì¤¤¡A¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³¥Ñ¦L«×Brahminism (±Cùªù±Ð)¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¥Ñ¦ò±Ðªº«ä·Q»â°ì¤¤©Ò®i¶}ªº©v±Ð­× «ùªº¹Ò¬É¡A¹³µØÄY©vªº±Ð¸q¡A´N¬O­n´£¥X¤@ºØpantheism ( ¦Æ¯«½×)ªº¥D±i¡C¤£¹L³o»P¦è¤è­õ¾Ç¤¤¡A¹³Spinoza (´µ»«¿Õ ²ï)¤]´¿´£¥X¤@ºØpantheism (¦Æ¯«½×)¤£¦P¡C¹ï©ó´µ¤ó©Ò´£ ªºpantheism¡A´N¬O­n©ñ±ó Orphic religion (¶ø¶O´µ©v±Ð) ¦P§Æ§B¨Ó©v±ÐùØ­±©ÒÁ¿ªº God is in Heaven and all is wrong with the world. (¤W«Ò¦b¤Ñ°ê¦Ó©Ò¦³¤£¦nªº»P¥@­Ñ ¦s)¡C´µ¤ó©ñ±ó¤F³o¨âºØ©v±Ð²z©À¡AµM«á»¡¡RGod is even with us in this actual world. God is near and dear to us, right now and here, here and now. (¤W«Ò¬Æ¦Ü»P §Ú¤H¦P¦b¡A 54­¶ ´N¦b¦¹®É¦¹¦a»P§Ú¤H¿Ëªñ)¡C¦]¦¹´NÅÜ°µpantheism¡A­Õ­Y³o ­Ó¦bnuminous (¯«¯µªº)¹Ò¬É¬O¯«¸tªº¡A¥L¥²µM¯à°÷near and here with us in this world (¦b³o­Ó¥@¬É¤¤»P§Ú¤H¿Ëªñ) ¡C ¦p¦¹»¡¨Ó¡A §Ú­Ì¹ï©ó³o­Ó¥@¬Éªº¬Ýªk´N­n§¹¥þ§ïÆ[¤F¡A ¤£¦A·|¬Ý¥X¥¦ªº¸o´c¡A¹ï³o­Ó¥@¬É¤W­±ªº¤H©Ê¡A¤]´N·|§¹¥þ §ïÆ[¡C¨ä¹ê³o®Éªºµ½¨}¥»©Ê¡A­n¹³¾§®a©Ò»¡ªº¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¥Ñ¿ò ¶Ç¦Ó¨Óªº´c®Ú©Ê¡Q°²¨Ï»¡¥¦ÁÙ¦³´c®Ú©Ê¡A¨º¥u¬O¦]¬°ª¾ÃѤW ªº¿ù»~¡A©Î±¡·P¤W¨ü¨ì¥»¨­¤C±¡¤»±ýªº¾ÞÁa¥H¤Î»~»{¥~¬É¦â ¹Ð¬°¹êª«¡A¦ý¬O³o¨Ã¤£¬O¤£¥iªÈ¥¿ªº¡C ©ó¬O±q³o¼Ëªº¤@­Óµo®i¡A¦ÛµM´N¥i¥H§â³o­Ódeism¦ÛµM ¯«½×§ïÅܦ¨pantheism ¦Æ¯«½×¡C°²¨Ï§AÁÙ¬O¶ûPantheism³o ­Ó¦r¸qÁÙ¤£°÷¡A§ó¥i¥H¹³ªñ¥N©Î²{¥N³\¦h©Ò¿×©v±Ð­õ¾Ç®a©Ò Á¿ªºpanentheism (¸U¦³¦b¯«½×)©Ò»¡»{¬°God is in this all in all world. (¤W«Ò¬OµL©Ò¤£¦b)¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A´N¬O­n §â¾ã­Ó¦t©zùØ­±ªºreasonal order (²z©Êªº¦¸§Ç)·í¦¨theism (¤@¯«½×)¡C¦]¦¹´N¹³morden Christianity (ªñ¥Nªº°ò·þ ±Ð)©ÒÁ¿ªº¡u¤@¯«½×¡v´N¬O­n§â¤W«Ò¡u¤H®æ¤Æ¡vµM«á¤H¦A§â ¤H¡u¯«¤Æ¡v¡A¦p¦¹«K¯à§â¤H¯«¤§¶¡ªºÂE·¾µ¹À±¸É°_¨Ó¡CµM«á ¦A§â³o­ÓDivine Being (¯«¸tªº³yª«¥D) personify (¤H®æ ¤Æ)¡Aµø¨ä¬°¤@­Ó¦ì®æ¡AµM«á¦b¨º­Ó¦a¤è¥h¬Ý¨º¤@­Ó¦Ü°ªµL ¤Wªº¯«¡C¦ý¬O§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡¡A¹ï©ó³o¤@­Ó¦Ü°ªµL¤Wªº¯«¡A¦pªG ¥L»P¤H©Ê¦³·¾³qªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¥L¤@©w·|¤H©ÊùØ­±À³¸Ó¯à¤Æ¦¨¬° personality (¤H®æ)¡A¦Ó¯«©Ê¤]À³¸Ó¦³¡u¯«®æ¡v¡C©Ò¤£¦Pªº ¬Oɲ­È¡A¦ý¬O³o­Ódifference in value (ɲ­Èªº°Ï¤À)¡A ¨Ã¤£¬O¤£¯à°÷·¾³qªº¡A¹³²{¥Nªº¬Y¤@¨Ç°ò·þ±Ð®{¡A´N¬O³]ªk ­n§â³o­Óman of God(¯«¤H)§â¥¦deify (¯«©ú¤Æ)¡AÅܦ¨man of God¡CµM«á¦A§â¥¦ transfigure into sheer spirit (Âà Åܦ¨µ´¹ïºë¯«)¡C³o¼Ë¤l¤@¨Ó¡A¦b¤H¯«¤§¶¡¡A¥i¥H»¡´N¦³¤F ª@¾Eªº¨BÆJ¡A¤H¥i¥H¡u¯«¤Æ¡v¡A¯«¤]¥i¥H¡u¤H®æ¤Æ¡v¡C 4¡B¦bªñ¥N¦è¤è©v±Ð­õ¾Ç©Ò²£¥Íªº¸U¦³¦b¯«½×ªºÆ[ÂI ¦ý¬O¦bªñ¥Nªº©v±Ðªº­õ¾Ç®aùØ­±¡A¥L­Ì¹ï©ópanentheis m (¸U¦³¦b¯«½×)ªº¬Ýªk®É¡A«K»{¬°God is all in 55­¶ all. (¯«¬OµL©Ò¤£¦b)¡C°²¨Ï·Ó³o¼Ë¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A¨º»òGod is not high in heaven. (¯«¤£¬O°ª°ª¦b¤Ñ°ê)¡AGod is imminent in this world. (¯«¬O­¢¤Áªº­n¦b³o¥@¬É)¡CµM«á Just because God is imminent in this world, so the world is also sacred and divine. (´N¬O¦]¬°¯«­¢¤Áªº­n¦b³o¥@ ¬É¡A©Ò¥H³o­Ó¥@¬É¤]¬O¯«¸tªº©M¯«±Âªº)¡C ¦]¦¹¥Í¬¡¦b³o­Ó ¥@¬ÉùØ­±ªº¤H¡A°²¨Ï¥L¤£Ä@·N«O¯d¥LªºÃ~©Ê®É¡A¥L´N¥i¥Hµo ´§¥Lªº¤H©Ê¡A·À®§¥LªºÃ~©Ê¡C©ó¬O¤H¤]¥i¥HÅܦ¨¬°¯«¸tªº¡A sacred human personality (¯«¸tªº¤H®æ)¡C °²¨Ï§Ú­Ì¨Ì·Ó³o­ÓÆ[ÂI¥h¬Ýªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò³o¤@­Ó©v±Ðªº¶ø ¸q¡A­n·Q¦b³o¤@­Ó²{¹ê¥@¬É¤W­±µ¹ÅãÅS¥X¨Ó®É¡A¨º»ò§Ú­Ì¥² ¶·´M§ä¥X¥i¥H¥h°£¹L¥h¦b©v±Ð«ä·Q¤W©Ò²£¥Íªº¯Ê³´¡C ¹³ defect in Deism (¦ÛµM¯«½×ªº¯Ê³´)¡A©ÎªÌ¬Odefect in theism (¤@¯«½×ªº¯Ê³´)¡CµM«á¦A®³ªF¤èªºpantheism¡A©ÎªÌ ¬O¦è¤è­õ¾Ç®a¹³´µ»«¿Õ²ïªº­õ¾Ç«ä·Q¡AÅÜ°µall important Omnipotent God (¦Ü´L¦Ü¤j¡AµL©Ò¤£¦bªº¤W«Ò)¡AGod¤£¶È¶È ¬O©~©ó¦Ü´L¦Ü¤jªº¦¸§ÇùØ­±¡A¥L¤]¥i¥H¦s¦bpersonal human order (¦ì®æªº¤HÃþ¦¸§Ç)ùØ­±²£¥Í¥Lªº§@¥Î¡AµM«á¦AÂX¦ÓÂX ¥R¤§¡C 5¡B¤¤°ê¤Ñ¥x©v­õ¾Ç©Ò²£¥Íªº©Ê¨ã­õ¾Ç ¦]¦¹¦pªG§Ú­ÌªðÆ[¤¤°ê¤Ñ»O©vªº¦ò±Ð­õ¾ÇùØ­±¡A´N­nµo ´§³o¤@¨t¦Cªº«ä·Q¡A¤£¶È­n»¡¤H¤H¬Ò¦³¦ò©Ê¡A¤@¤Á¦³±¡²³¥Í ¬Ò¦³¦ò©Ê¡A³s¹x¥Û¤]¦³¦ò©Ê¡C³o¬O¯¸¦b¦â¤ß¹ê¬Ûªº¥ß³õ¡A»{ ¬°¦â¤ß¬O¥­µ¥ªº¡A¤sªe¤j¦aªº´Ëù¸U¶H¡Aªá¯ó¾ð¤ì¡A¬Ò¨ã¦³ ¦ò©Ê¡C·íµM³o¬O¨ü¨ìµØÄY¸gªº¼vÅT¡AµØÄY¸g»¡¡R¡u¦p¤ß¦ò¥ç º¸¡A¦p¦ò²³¥ÍµM¡A¤ß¦ò¤Î²³¥Í¡A¬O¤TµL®t§O¡C¡v³o¥i¥H»¡¬O ±q©Ê¨ã­õ¾Ç(µù5)©Ò¶}®iªº«ä·Q¡C©Ò¿×¡u¤@¦â¤@­»¡AµL«D¤¤ ¹D¡AÆ{Æ{¶Àªá¡AµL«Dªk¨­¡C¡v¦t©z¥»¨­ªº¨­Åé¡A¬O¶ê¿ÄµLº¢ ªº¡A«D¤ß«Dª«¡CÀH½t¬¡°Ê¡A¬O¤ß¬Oª«³£¥i¥H¦¨¬°µ´¹ïªº¤¤¹D ¹ê¬Ûª¬ºA¡C©Ò¥H°²­Y·Ó³o¼Ë¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A§Ú­Ì´N¥i¥H»¡Divine is all in all. (¯«¸t¬OµL©Ò¤£¦bªº)¦b³o¤@ºØ±¡ªp¤§¤U¡A All of being can not to be sacred. 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(¬O§_¨äÃö «Y¯à³sô¨ä³N»y¡S) ¹ï©ó³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡¯¸¦bªñ¥Ncritical idealism (§å§P°ß¤ß½×)¥ß³õ¨Ó»¡¡A´N¬O­n±µ¨üÃö«Y§@¥Î³¡¤À¡A¬O§_ ¯à°÷Ápµ²Ãö«YªÌ¨Ó¨M©w¡C¦pªG´Nªñ¥N¼Æ¾Ç®aªº¥ß³õ¨Ó»¡¡A¤´ µM¬O»{¬°¥Ñ¤@­ÓÃö«Y¡A¬O§_¯à°÷Ápµ²³o­ÓÃö«YªÌùØ­±©Ò¥]§t ªº¤@¤Á¦WºÙ¡B¦Wµü¡A¬O§_³£¯à±µ¨ü³o­Óvalidity relation (§´·í©ÊÃö«Y)¡C¦ý¬O¦b¸ÑÄÀ¤W«o¥i¤À§O¬°¨â¬£ªº²z½×¡AÄ´¦p ±q¦­¦~ªºWhitehead (Ãh¶Â¼w)¡A¨ì¦­¦~Bertrand Russell ªº(ù¯À)¡A¤@ª½¨ì±ß¦~ªºÃ¹¯À¡A³£¬O»{¬°ÁöµM¤@­ÓÃö«Y¥i¥H Ápµ²Ãö«YªÌ¡A¦ý¬O¤Ï¹L¨Ó»¡¡A¬O¤@¤ÁªºÃö«YªÌ¡A·í¥¦Â÷¶}¤F Ãö«Y§@¥Îªºµ²ºc®É¡A¥¦¥»¨­¤´µM¥i¥H¿W¥ß¦s¦b¡C³o¼Ë¤l¤@¨Ó ¡A´N´£¥X¤F¤@ºØ¥sexternal theory of relation (Ãö«Yªº ¥~¦b­ì²z)¡C¦ý¬O·í³o­Ó¥~¦bÃö«Y½×¤@´£¥X¨Ó¤§«á¡Aù¯À¦b ·í®É¤]¶È¶È¬O¤@¦ì«C¦~¦Ó¦¨¦Wªº¼Æ¾Ç®a¡AµM¦Ó¦b¤û¬z¤j¾ÇùØ ­±¸ê®æ¤ñ¥L¦Ñªº¦h±o«Ü¡A¹³Mc Taggart³o¨Ç¤H´N»¡¡A¥~¦bÃö «Y½×¤£¯à¦¨¥ß¡C©ó¬O¥G¦bªñ¥Nªº·s±d¼w¾Ç¬£¡A·s¶Â®æº¸¾Ç¬£ ¡A´N¦U¦Û´£¥X¥t¥~¤@ºØ¡uÃö«Y½×¡v¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡A´NºÙ¤§¬°Internal theory of relation (Ãö«Yªº¤º¦b­ì²z)¡C¦³Ãö©ó³o¤@­Ó °ÝÃD¡A¦bÅÞ¿è¥v¤Wªºµo®i¡A»¡¨Ó¸Üªø¡A¬°¤F¸`¬Ù®É¶¡¡A¦b¦¹ ¤£©y­«­z¡C ¥i¬O·í§Ú­Ì¦b±´¨s§Î¦Ó¤W¾Çªº²z½×«ä·Q®É¡A§A­Ì«K¥i¥H ¬ÝBradley (¬f¦C¼wµÜ)ªºAppearance and Reality (²{¶H»P ¹ê¦b)³o¤@³¡®Ñ®É¡A©ÎªÌ¬OEssays on Truth and Reality ( ½×¯u²z»P¹ê¦b)¡A©ÎªÌ¬OÁY´îªºImplication ¡@ 59­¶ and Linear Inference (¨ç¹B»P½u©Ê±À²z)¡Q µM«á¦A¬Ý¦b Oxford (¤û¬z)¤j¾Ç¡A¤ñ³o¨â­Ó¤HÁÙ¦~«C¤@½úªºJoachim (½± º³)ªºThe Nature of Truth (¯u²zªº¥»½è)¥H¤ÎMc Taggart (ÁÚ§J¶ð­{)ªºThe Nature of Existence (¦s¦bªº¥»½è)¡A³o ¤@Ãþªº®Ñ¡A´£¥X¤@­Óºî¦X©ÊªºÅÞ¿è¡A§â§PÂ_·í°µÃö«Yµ²ºcªº ªí²{¡C¦Ó¥B¹ï©ó³o­ÓÃö«Yµ²ºcùØ­±ªºÃö«Y¡A ¤£¬O¤@ºØ external relation (¥~¦bªºÃö«Y)¡A¦Ó¬Ointeral relation (¤º¦bªºÃö«Y)¡C ²{¦bÃö©ó³o¤@ÂI¡A§Ú®Ú¾ÚBradley (¬f¦C¼wµÜ)¦b¥Lªº Appearance and Reality (²{¶H»P¹ê¦b)¦PEssay on Truth and Reality (½×¯u²z»P¹ê¦b)¤G³¡®Ñ¤¤©ÒÁ|¤@­Ó«Ü²³æªº¨Ò ¤l¡R°²¨Ï§Ú­Ì»¡A¬O¤@­Ó¦Wµü¡A¤@­Óterm (³N»y)¡A ¦ÓB¬O¬° another term (¥t¥~¤@­Ó³N»y)¡A¬O¤@­ÓRelator(Ãö«YªÌ)¡A ¦Ó¦b³o¤GªÌ¤¤¶¡¡A²£¥Í¤F¤@­ÓÃö«Y¡A¦pªG¨Ì·Óù¯À¡A¦b¥Lªº Ãö«Yµ²ºcùØ­±¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A§Ú­Ì¤£¹L¬O³z¹L¤ÀªRªº¥ß³õ¡A¤~¯àµo ²{³o­ÓÃö«Yµ²ºcùØ­±¦³¨â­Ó¹w¦sªºÃö«YªÌ (pre-existent relator)¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¦bÁÙ¨S¦³Åã¥X³o­ÓÃö«Yªº¥þÅéµ²ºc¥H «e¡A¦bÁÙ¨S¦³§Q¥ÎÃö«Y¨ÓÁpµ²¥¦­Ì¨â­Ó¤§«e¡A¥¦­Ì¨â­Ó¨Æ¥ý ¦Ñ¦­´N¬O¿W¥ßªº¦s¦bª«¡C¦Ó²{¦b§Ú­Ì¨Ì·Óù¯ÀªºÃö«Yµ²ºc¬Ý °_¨Ó¡Awhen the relation related its relator (·íÃö«Y Ápµ²¥¦­Ì¤§¶¡ªºÃö«YªÌ)®É¡A¨º»ò¥¦¥²¬O¤@­Ónew function (·sªº¨çÄá)§@¥Î¡A¥i¥H»¡¬O¤@­Ó«á°_ªºÃö«Y¡A·íµM¦b³oùØ­± ¦³¨ä¯S®íªº²z¥Ñ¡C¦Ü©ó§Ú­Ì¬°¦ó­n»¡¥¦¬O¤@­Ó«á°_Ãö«Y©O¡S ¦]¬°¦b¨S¦³³o­ÓÃö«Y¤§«e¡AA¬O¥i¥H¿W¥ß¦Û¦s¡AB¤]¬O¤@­Ó­Ó §Oªº¦Wµü¡A¥¦¤]¥i¥H¿W¥ß¦s¦b¡C²{¦bÃö«Y¬O«á°_ªÌ¡A¦Ó­n¥[ ¦b­ì¨Óªº¨â­ÓÃö«YªÌªº¤W­±¡A³o¼Ë¤l¤@¨Ó¡A«Kºc¦¨§ó«á°_ªº Ãö«Yµ²ºc¡C ¦b³o¤@ÂI¤W¡A¦pªG§Ú­Ì­n¬O¨Ì·ÓBradley (¬f¦C¼wµÜ)¡B Bosanquet (¥]®á«¶)¡BMc Taggart (ÁÚ§J¶ð­{)¡BGrsoce ( §J¾|»ô)µ¥¤Hªº²´¥ú¬Ý°_¨Ó¡A³oµ¥©ó«Å§i The relation doesn't relate. (³o­ÓÃö«Y¨Ã¨S¦³Ápµ²¦b¤@°_¡A³o¬O¤°»ò ¹D²z©O¡S) Because it doesn't make any difference to the terms of relate. 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