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¡@¦p¦¹¡A¤@³¡¨ü§Ùªº±¡ªp¤j¬ùºû«ù¤F¤@¬q®É¶¡¡A®Ú¾Ú¤W®y³¡«ß¨å¤§°O¸ü¡A«á¨Ó¥Ñ©ó¤ñ¥C¦b°Ý¤k§Ù¤l24¾BÃø (stumbling-blocks)¡A¤j¦h¦³Ãö¬O§_¨ã¦³¥Í²z¾¹©x¡B¥Í²z´Á©Î¥Ö½§¯fµ¥°ÝÃD®É¡A·|¤Þ°_¤k©Êªº§xÂZ¡A©ó¬O¦ò´N¦Ò¼{¤£ª½±µ¥Ñ¤ñ¥C°Ý¾BÃø¡A¦Ó¥ý¥Ñ¤ñ¥C¥§¹¬¹Î¨Ó°Ý¡C¦]¦¹¦ò»¡¡G¡u½Ñ¤ñ¥CÌ°Ú¡I§Ú¤¹³\¥ý©ó¤ñ¥C¥§¹¬¹Î³B¨ü¤@³¡¨ã¨¬§Ù«á¡A¡]°Ý¾BÃø¡^²M²b¤w¡A¦A©ó¤ñ¥C¹¬¹Î±o¨ã¨¬§Ù¡C¡v"anujanami bhikkhave ekatoupasampannaya bhikkhunisamghe visuddhaya bhikkhunisamghe upasampadan." I allow, monks, ordination in the Order of monks after she has been ordained on the side, and has cleared herself (in regard to the stumbling-blocks) in the Order of nuns. µù7
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¡@¡@¦Ü©ó¡u¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤§«e¡A¬O§_¥²¶·¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ùªk¡H¡vªº°ÝÃD¡C®Ú¾Ú¿üÄõ¦ò±Ð¥vªº°O¸ü¡A¦è¤¸«e3¥@¬ö¡A¼¯«{ªû¤§©f¹¬¦÷»e¦h¡]Savghamitta¡^¤ñ¥C¥§¤Î¤Q¤@¦ì¤ñ¥C¥§¨Ó¨ì¿üÄõ¡A¬°¤ý¦mªü¥£Ã¹±Â¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡C µù23ÁöµM¦³¨ü¨FÀ±¥§¡B¤ñ¥C¥§§Ùªº©ú½T°O¸ü¡A¦ý¬O¡A«o§ä¤£¨ì¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ù¤§°O¸ü¡C¥iª¾¦³¨Ç¦a¤èªº¹¬¹Î¡A©ó³Ìªì¨ü§Ù®É¡A¦³®É¥i¯à·|¦³¦]®É¨î©y¡C
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¡@¡@¦ý¬O¡A¥Ñ©ó«n¶Ç¤W®y³¡¤§¤ñ¥C¥§¹¬¹Î¤¤Â_¤w¤[¡A¥Ø«e¨S¦³¹ê¦æ¤ñ¥C¥§¨ü§Ùªk¡A¹ê»Ú¤Wªº¨ü§Ù¶¶§Ç¤£±o¦Óª¾¡C¦³¦ì«n¶Ç¤ñ¥C©ó¦¹¦¸¬ã°Q·|¤¤¡A¨Ì·Ó§Ù±ø¼Æ¶qªº¦h¹è¡A´£¥X¡G¤§Ù¡÷¦¡¤e¼¯¨º¡]¤»ªk¡^¡÷¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¡]¤Q§Ù¡^¡÷¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡]¤T¦Ê¾l§Ù¡^ªº¨ü§Ù¶¶§Ç¤§»¡ªk¡C µù25
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¡@¡@ÁöµM¦p¦¹¡A¦b¿üÄõªº¶Ç©Ó¤¤¡A¦ü¥G¦³¤ñ¥C¶Ç±Â¨FÀ±¥§§Ù¤§°O¸ü¡C¦è¤¸«e3¥@¬ö¡A¤Ñ·R«Ò¶·¤ý¡]Devanampiyatissa, 247 B.C.¡ã207 B.C.¦b¦ì¡^®É¡A¦L«×ªü¨|¤ý¤§¤l¼¯«{ªû¤ñ¥C¡]Mahinda¡^²v»â¥|¤ñ¥C¡B¤@¨FÀ±¤Î¤@Àu±C¶ë¦Ü¿üÄõ¥°ªk¡A¨Ã¬°·í®Éªº¤ý¦mªü¥£Ã¹¡]Anula¡^¤Î´X¦ìÀH±q±Â¨FÀ±¥§¤Q§Ù¡A µù27¤£¤[¡A¼¯«{ªû¤§©f¹¬¦÷»e¦h¡]Savghamitta¡^¤ñ¥C¥§¤Î¤Q¤@¦ì¤ñ¥C¥§¥ç¨Ó¨ì¿üÄõ¡A¬°¤ý¦mªü¥£Ã¹±Â¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡C µù28¦p«e©Ò½×¡AÁöµM¦³¨ü¨FÀ±¥§¡B¤ñ¥C¥§§Ùªº©ú½T°O¸ü¡A¦ý¬O¡A«o§ä¤£¨ì¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ù¤§°O¸ü¡A¥B¦b¬Y¨Ç¦]½tª¬ªp¤§¤U¡A¤ñ¥C¦ü¥G¤]¥i¥H¶Ç±Â¨FÀ±¥§¤Q§Ù¡C
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A. DISCUSSION OF BHTJSHUNI ORDINATION RECEIVED FROM SANGHA OF BOTH
BHIJSHUS AND BHIJSHUNIS
(ALL THE DISCUSSIONS SHOULD BE BASED ON SOURCE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM THE VINAYA ADHERED TO BY THE THREE SCHOOLS, i.e. MULASARVASTIVADA, THERAVADA AND DHARMAGUPTA¡^¤ñ¥C¥§¤G³¡¨ü§Ù
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Theravada and Dharmagupta? ¤k©Ê¬O§_¤@©w»Ýn´M¨D¤G³¡²³ªº¹¬¹Î¨Ó¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡H¤T³¡«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H
5.Is it appropriate for a woman to receive the vows of full ordination as a bhikshuni without having previously
received the shikshamani probationary vow as basis? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three
vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta? ¤k©Ê¦b¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤§«e¡AYµL¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯
¨º§Ù¡A¬O§_¾A·í¡H¤T³¡«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H
6.Is it permissible for a woman to receive the bhikshuni vows without having previously received the brahmacharya
vows? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada,
Theravada and Dharmagupta? ¤k©Ê¦b¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤§«e¡AYµL¨ü±ë¦æ§Ù(¨FÀ±¥§§Ù)¡A¬O§_¾A·í¡H¤T³¡«ßÂÃ
®Ú¾Ú¬°¦ó¡H
7.Is it permissible for a sangha consisting only of bhikshus to bestow the vows of shikshamani? What are the sources
for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta? ¤ñ¥C¹¬
¹Î¶Ç¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ù¬O§_¾A·í¡H¤T³¡«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H
8.In the case of a woman receiving full ordination as a bhikshuni from a sangha of both bhikshus and bhikshunis, is it
necessary that the concened bhikshus and bhikshunis be present together in one place at the same time? What are
the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and
Dharmagupta? ¤ñ¥C¥§¤G³¡¨ü§Ù®É¡A¬O§_»Ýn¤ñ¥C¡B¤ñ¥C¥§¦P®É¡B¦P¦a²{«e¡H¤T³¡«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H
9. In order to train the mindstream of a shikshamani prior to receiving the bhikshuni vows, is receiving Brahmacharya
vows a necessary preliminary prerquisite? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of
systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta? ¨ü¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¤§«e¡A¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯¨º§Ù¡F¨ü¦¡¤e¼¯¨º
§Ù¤§«e¡A¬O§_»Ýn¨ü±ë¦æ§Ù¬°«e¤è«K¡H¤T³¡«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H
10.Is it permissible for a sangha consisting only of bhikshus to bestow thevow of a novice nun? ¤ñ¥C¤@³¡²³¶Ç¨FÀ±
¥§§Ù¬O§_¾A·í¡H
342¶
B. CUSSION OF ORDINATION OF BHIJSHUNIS IMPARTED BY
A SANGHACONSISTING ONLY OF BHIJSHUS.
THE DISCUSSION SHOULD BE BASED ON SOURCE MATERLALS DERIVED FROM THE VINAYA ADHERED TO BY THE THREE SCHOOLS, i.e. MULASARVASTIVADA, THERAVADA AND DHARMAGUPTA.¡^ ¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù
343¶
¡@
bhikshuni ordination¡]involving¡^a large number of women is becoming widespread in some Buddhist countries. What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta? ¤@³¡¨ü§Ùªkªº³\¦h¤ñ¥C¥§¡A¼s§G©ó¬Y¨Ç¦ò±Ð°ê®a¡A¤T³¡«ßÂîھڬ°¦ó¡H
C. DISCUSSIONS OF THE MULASARVASTlVADlN TRADITION OF BHIJSHU SANGHA
IMPARTING BHLJSHUNI ORDINATION IN TIBET.
(
ALL DISCUSSIONS SHOULD BE BASED ON SOURCE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM THE VINAYA ADHERED TO BY THE THREE SCHOOLS¡Ai.e. MULASARVASTIVADA, THERAVADA AND DHARMAGUPTA¡^¦èÂîڦ³³¡¤ñ¥C¹¬¹Î¶Ç±Â¤ñ¥C¥§344¶
4.Is the bhikshuni ordination imparted by a sangha consistiong only of bhikshus permissible according to the rules
of Mulasarvastivadin schools? What are the sources for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the
Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta? ®Ú¦³«ß¬O§_¤¹³\¤ñ¥C¹¬¹Î¤@³¡¶Ç¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡H¨ä¥¦¤G³¡«ß®Ú
¾Ú¦ó¦b¡H
5.Is there a source in the scriptures of the Mulasarvastivadin system that the bhikshuni ordination imparted by a
sangha consisting only of bhikshus results in a corrupted and impure vow? What are the sources for this in the
scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta? ®Ú¦³«ß¬O§_©ú½T°O
¸ü¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù·|³y¦¨¬V¦Ãªº§ÙÅé¡H¨ä¥¦¤G³¡«ß®Ú¾Ú¦ó¦b¡H
6.Is there a source in the scriptures of the Mulasarvastivadin school which states that a bhikshuni ordination
conducted by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus results in a pure and unadulterated vow? What are the sources
for this in the scriptures of the three vinaya of systems, the Mulasarvastivada, Theravada and Dharmagupta? ®Ú¦³
«ß¬O§_©ú½T°O¸ü¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¥i±o²M²bµL¬V¤§§ÙÅé¡H¨ä¥¦¤G³¡«ß®Ú¾Ú¦ó¦b¡H
7. I wonder what sort of vinaya sources support the claim that the ordination of bhikshunis by a sangha consisting
only of bhikshus was practised in Tibet in the fifteenth century? §ÚÃhºÃ¬O§_¦³¦óºØ«ß¨å¤ä«ù¦èÂéó15
¥@¬ö®É¡A¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ùªº»¡ªk¡H
8. In the past, in Tibet, the bhikshuni vow was granted by a sangha conisting only of bhikshus. Is there a provision
for reviving the bhikshuni vow according to the Mulasarvastivadin vinaya? If there is such a provision, what are
the sources and the procedures for reviving it, mentioned in the vinaya? If there is no such provision, please
describe the sources in the vinaya against granting such a vow? ¹L¥h¦èÂäñ¥C¥§¤¹³\¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡A®Ú¾Ú®Ú¦³
«ß¡A¬O§_¬°«ì´_¤ñ¥C¥§§Ùªº¤@ºØ·Ç³Æ¡A°²¦p¬O¤@ºØ·Ç³Æªº¸Ü¡A¦b§Ù«ß¤¤¡A¬°«ì´_¤ñ¥C¥§§Ù¡A¦³¦ó®Ú¾Ú»P
µ{§Ç¡H°²¦p¤£¬O¤@ºØ·Ç³Æªº¸Ü¡A½Ð´£¥X«ß¨å®Ú¾Ú¡A¤Ï¹ï¤¹³\¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡H
¡@
Summary¡]ºKn¡^
¡@
Agenda:¡]ijµ{¡^
Are there reliable sources for these points? Are they reasonable according to the Dharmagupta Vinaya tradition and reliable commentaries belonging to this tradition? What have the great masters of Vinaya of the past had to say on these points? ³o¨ÇÆ[ÂI¬O§_¦³¥i«Hªº®Ú¾Ú¡H®Ú¾ÚªkÂ󡪺«ßÂûPµù²¨¡A¬O§_¦X²z¡H¥j¥Nªº«ß®vÌ¡A¹ï³o¨ÇÆ[ÂIªº¬Ýªk¦p¦ó¡H
It is said that in fifteenth century Tibet, very devout women received full ordination from a sangha consisting of ten bhikshus, including an upadhyaya and acarya. Is there a text that clarifies this history and is there any way of receiving this tradition according to the Dharmagupta vinaya, or are there ways to reintroduce it? ¾Ú»¡¡A¦èÂÃ15¥@¬ö®É¡A´¿¦³«H¤k±q¤Q¦ì¡]§t©M©|»PªüìG¾¤¡^¤ñ¥CÃä¨ü¨ã¨¬§Ù¡A¬O§_¦³¨åÄyÃÒ©ú¦¹¨Æ¡H®Ú¾ÚªkÂó¡§Ù«ß¡A¦³¦ó¤èªk«ì´_¦¹¶Ç²Î¡H©ÎªÌ¡A¦³¦ó¤èªk¦A«·s¤Þ¶i¡H
346¶
The two main points for the discussion are:¡]°Q½×«ÂI¦³¤G¡G¡^
1. Are there proper sources in the three specific vinaya traditions as such that the complete and pure bhikshuni vow can be generated if the vow is bestowed by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus? Or, What are the sources in the three vinaya traditions which permit says it is acceptable or unacceptable for the bhikshuni vow to be bestowed by a sangha consisting only of bhikshus? Y¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡A¬O§_¥i±o²M²bµL¬V¤§§ÙÅé¡H¤T³¡«ß¨å¤¤¡A¬O§_¦³¾A·íªº®Ú¾Ú¡H¤S¡A¤T³¡«ß¨å¤¤¡A¬O§_¦³®Ú¾Ú¡A¤¹³\©Î¤Ï¹ï¤ñ¥C¥§¤@³¡¨ü§Ù¡H
2. A bhikshuni sangha from Sri Lanka went to China in the fifth century and established a new tradition of the bhikshuni vow there. ls there or is there not a way of ascertaining whether or not an unbroken lineage of this vow exists? 5¥@¬ö®É¡A´µ¨½Äõ¥d¤ñ¥C¥§¹¬«e©¹¤¤°ê¡A¦]¦Ó«Ø¥ß·sªº¤ñ¥C¥§¶Ç©Ó¡C¯à§_¬d©ú¦¹¶Ç©Ó¬O§_¦³¤¤Â_¡H
¡@
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µù2°Ñ¦Ò©å¤å¡u¤¤¤g¤ñ¥C¥§¶Ç©Ó»P¦èÂäñ¥C¥§¹¬¹Î¤§««Ø¡v¡]¡m¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¾Ç³ø¡n3¡G1-19¡A»O¥_¡G¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤å¾Ç°|¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß¡A1998¡^¡C
µù3¡u¦ò¨¥¡G¡£µ½¡¤¨Ó¡I¤ñ¥C¡A©ó§Úªk¤¤¡A§Ö¦Û®T¼Ö¡A×±ë¦æ¡AºÉWì¡C¡v¡]¤j22¡A788c¡^¡uµ½¨Ó¤ñ¥C¡v¤@»y©l¥Î©ó婳¯¦pµ¥¤¤ñ¥CÂk¨ÌÄÀ´L®É¡C¾Úµ½¨£«ßÏi±C¨F¨÷¤C¸ü¡A¦ò¥@®É¨Ì¦¹ªk¦Ó±o§ÙªÌ¡A¤Z¤@¤d¤T¦Ê¥|¤Q¤@¤H¡C¦¹¥~¡A¡m¼W¤@ªü§t¸g¡n¨÷15¡]¤j2¡A621c¡^¡G¡u½Ñ¦ò±`ªk¡AYºÙµ½¨Ó¤ñ¥C¡A«K¦¨¨Fªù¡C¬O®É¥@´L§i{¸¤ê¡G¡yµ½¨Ó¤ñ¥C¡I¦¹ªk·L§®¡Aµ½×±ë¦æ¡C¡z¬O®É{¸¤Î¤¦Ê§Ì¤l©ÒµÛ¦ç»nºÉÅܧ@³P¸Æ¡AÀY¾v¦Û¸¨¡A¦p¦ü«c¾v¡A¥H¸g¤C¤é¡C¡v
µù4¡u§Ú¬Y¥Ò¡AÂk¨Ì¦ò¡AÂk¨Ìªk¡AÂk¨Ì¹¬¡A¤µ©ó¦p¨Ó©Ò¥X®a¡A¦p¨Ó¦Ü¯uµ¥¥¿Ä±¬O§Ú©Ò´L¡C¡v¡]¤j22¡A793a¡^¡C
µù5¡u¤j¼w¹¬Å¥¡A§Ú¬Y¥Ò±q¬Y¥Ò¨D¨ü¨ã¨¬§Ù¡A§Ú¬Y¥Ò¤µ±q²³¹¬¤^¨ü¨ã¨¬§Ù¡A¬Y¥Ò¬°©M©|¡v¡]¤j22¡A799c¡^¡C¸Ô°Ñ©å½Z¡qº~¶Ç¨ü§Ùªk¤§¦Ò¹î¡r¡]¡m¤¤µØ¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³ø¡n9¡G65-82¡A»O¥_¡G¤¤µØ¦ò ¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò¡A1996¡^¡C
µù6Vinaya Pitakam (ed. H. Oldenberg) Cullavagga
X,2.1, p. 257¡C^Ķ THE BOOJ OF THE
DISPLINE (tr. I. B. Horner) vol. V p. 357¡C¤éĶ¡m«n¶Ç¤jÂøg¡n«ßÂÃ4¡Ap.383¡C
µù7Vinaya Pitakam (ed. H.
Oldenberg) Cullavagga X,17.1-2, pp. 271-272¡C^Ķ
THE BOOJ OF
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