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      305­¶


            A NoTE oN THE PARTICLE NI[º¥+¦Õ] IN CH'AN ¡]ZEN¡^TEXTS

                    LIEN-SHENG YANG
          It is a great plceasure to participate in the volume
      of linguistic studies presented to Professor F.K .Li,
      a leading authority in the field¡Ato celebrate his 8Oth
      birthday. For many years, I, a historian and philologist,
      but only an amateur linguist, have profited immensely
      from Professer Li's informal instruction and his inspiring
      personality. This article is only a token of thanks from a
      student to a great master.
          The particle ni[º¥+¦Õ]¡]also as¡A¥§¡A§A¡A in early texts ¡^
      appears  at the end of a sentence.  As such,it is not
      unfamiliar  to students  of Ch'an texts and students of
      chinese  grammar, Oda  Tatsuo  ¤Ó¥Ð¨°¤Ò in his Chugoru
      go rekishi  bunpo ¤¤°ê»y¾ú¥v¤åªk pp.364-5  has a good
      historical survey. Ni's  counterpart  in modern Mandarin
      ni ©O ¡]and many dialects¡^is thoroughly  discussed in
      Y.R.Chao, A Grammar  of  Spoken  Chinese  1968, pp.
      801-803  and Ting sheng-shu and others¡A Hsien-tai
      Han-yu yu-Fa  chiang-hua 1979, pp.203-205.Although the
      standard  glossary  of ni in ch'an texts is chih-wu mao
      «üª«»ª pointing at  somthing, the implication is not
      only  there"  but also here or where, and it was
      most often used as a deliberate  pause.

           The point that has been insufficiently stressed is
      that ni may be used as an independent  particle like an
      interjection. A pause mark¡]tou Ū¡^is found in several
      cases before  ni, apparently  a Japanese  tradition.
      The proof seems  conclusive when one finds liang-chiu
      ¨}¤[ "a long pause" followed by ni.
          Emendations are suggested in an interesting passage
      on the monk Tung-shan in the lOth century anthology  of
      Ch'an sayings Tsu-t'ang  chi.  The passage has puzzled
      even  Japanese  experts  like Yanagi  Saisan.  lt is
      proposed that the chacter han ¨u in the question  be
      changed to K'ung ªÅ ¡]sunynata¡^ and the phrase pu-shen
      shen ¤£¥Ó«{ be changed to pu-chung shen ¤£¤¤«{ "not worth
      a joke".Apparently the conversation concerns k'ung, chia
      literally, borrowed reality and chung the mid-way.
      These are central  concepts in the San-lun  School and
      elsewhere.
          For antecedents of, ni in classical Chinese¡AOda
      gives  one example, erh º¸ in the Kung-yang  chuan. To
      support this link, more examples can be drawn from Yang
      Shu-ta¡A Tz'u ch'uan, including  the commonly  used
      yun-erh.
          The character ni[º¥+¦Õ] should not be confused withøÕ¡A
      a Word supposedly having magic power to drive a way evil
      spirits if written  and posted on door.Tradition about
      this faith goes back at least to T'ang times. More information
      is offered here from powerful orders known as fu, originally
      mainly tallies military in


      306­¶

      nature. In the Tao Tsang one finds fu bearing the words
      chan-kuei ±Ù°­ "killing evil spirits¡A"which are parts
      of the characterøÕ. Among the dictionaries consulted ,the
      Chung-hua to tzu-tien seems to be the only one clearly
      distinguishing. the two characters.
          Contents of this article were presented in a talk at
      the lnstitute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica,
      July 17, 1982. l suggested that the Japanese ne at the
      end of a sentence or standing independently as an intejection
      may be comparable to ni. Professor Li said similar forms
      may be found in other Asian languages. He cited a similar
      form at the beginning of a sentence in colloquial Tai.
      l recall that a friend says that a similar form exists
      in Sanskrit, presumably  colloquial. Herewith renewed
      thanks renewed thanks to the master.