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Shrivastava, Samkara and Bradley (Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidas; 1935, 68 )¡C (µù 8) µù¤G©Ò¤Þ®Ñ­¶76¡Ð7»{©w½Ñ®Ñ¬Ò§Q¥Î´¼ªÌ¤j®vªº²± ÅA¡A°²°U¥H»t¯q¬y³q¡C (µù 9)®P±C­ì«ü«ù¸üªÌ©Î®e¨üªÌ©Î¡u³ô§Ô¡vªÌ¡A§Y¤j¦a¡A µ½´c²b©²VÂø¡A¥Rº¡¥Í¦º¬yÂà¡A¨ü¦ò©ÒÂà¤Æ¡C°Ñ¾\ ¡u¤¤­^¦ò¾ÇÃã¨å¡v (¥xÆW°ª¶¯¦ò¥ú¤s¡R¦ò±Ð¤å¤ÆªA °È³B¡Q1962, 71)¡C (µù 10) ¹a¤ì¤j©å¡u·«¦÷¸g¬ã¨s¡vD.T.Suzuki, Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1930; 1968)¡Ap. 210¡Ð2¡C¦¹®Ñ¤¤ ­^¤å¤§¿ù¦r¬Æ¦h¡A¦p­¶212 µù2 »~¡uıªk¦Û©Ê·N¥Í ¨­¡v¤§¡u¦Û¡v¬°¡u¨­¡v¡A­¶178±Nµ½´c¤§´c whor»~ Ķ¦¨¦n´c¤§´cWu¡A­¶460¤À¬q»~¦¨¤ÀÉI¡A­¶463ĬªF ¡u©Y¡v(po)»~¬°¡u§¥¡v(pei)¡A­¶464¦R¡u¤õ¡v(huo )ù»~¬°¡u¤Æ¡v(hua)¡C (µù 11) ®ü¼w®æ¶S§í¦è¤èªñ¥N²±¦æªº¡u­p¸û«ä±©¡v( calculative thinking )¡A¦b±ß¦~¤ñ¦­¦~§óªY½àªF ¤è­õ¾Ç¦p¦Ñ¤l»PÁI©v¤Î·s¾§®a¤ýÀs·Ëªº¡u³Ð³y«äºû ¡v(original or creative thinking)¡C (µù 12)ªk¨­¤D¦òªº¥»½è¡CÁ`µ²²{¦s¤T­Ó¤¤¤§Ä¶¥»¡Aªk¨­¦ò ¦@¦³¤Q­ÓºÙ¿×¡Rªk¦ò¡Bªk©Ê¦ò¡B´¼¼z¦ò¡B¥­µ¥´¼¼z ¦ò¡B¦p´¼¦ò¡B¯u¦p´¼¼z¦ò(Iathagata-jnana-Buddha) ¡B¯u¦p¨Ó¡B®Ú¥»¦p¨Ó¡B®Ú¥»¦ò (Maulatathagata) ¡C ³ø¨­¥Ñªk¨­¾É¥X¡A¦@¦³¤C­Ó²§¦W¡Rªk¨Ì¦ò¡Bªk¦ò³ø ¦ò¡Bªk©Ê©Ò¬y¦ò(Dharmatanishyanda-Buddha)¡B¨Ì ¦ò¡B³ø¦ò¡B³ø¥Í¦ò¡B³ø¬Û¦ò(Nishyanda-Buddha or Vipakaja-Buddha or Vipakastha-Buddha or Vaipakika-Buddha)¡C ¤Æ¨­¦ò¬O¦V¤G­¼©M¤Z¤ÒÅã²{ªºÅܬۡA¥u¦³¤­­Ó²§¦W ¡R¤Æ¦ò¡BÅܤƦò¡BÀ³¤Æ¦ò¡BÀ³¤Æ¤Æ¦ò¡BÀ³¤Æ¦p¨Ó Nirmana-Buddha or Nirmanika-Buddha or Nairmanika-Buddha or Nirmita-Buddha)¡C (µù 13)¸û¥»§@ÉI¡A¤D¨®¨âÉI¤W¤§¾î¤ì¡A¤Þ¥Ó¬°¤ñ®Õ©Î¸û¶q ¡CÂy¸û©Î¸ûÂy·N¿×¸û¶q¬¼Ây§Þ³N¡Aº~®Ñ¦¨«Ò¬öÃC®v ¥jª`¤ª¡R¡u¤j¬°Áñ¸û¥H¾B¦ÓÂy¨ú¤]¡C¡v (µù 14) YC3¡A¡u§Ù±þ©ñ¥Í¤å¡v¡A­¶21¡C¤S´¼¦°¡u½×»yÂI·ú ¡v»y¨£¡u¥|®Ñêù¯q¸Ñ¡v(¥x¥_¡R¥ýª¾¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1973) ¡A­¶25¡C 39­¶ (µù 15) Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy (London: George Allen & Unwin; New York: Humanities Press; 1923, 1966), pp. 286-7, 325, 334¡C (µù 16) Ibid, p.329¡C¯Ï¨º±Ð®{Bhagchandra Jain Bhaskar©Ò µÛ¡u¦ò¨å¤¤ªº¯Ï¨º±Ð¡vJainism in Buddhist Literature (Nagpur, India: Alok Prakashan, 1972) ¨¬¥H¼á²M±Ð¥~¤H¤hªº»~¸Ñ¡C¦ò®{ºÙ¯Ï¨º±Ð¬° ¥§°®¤l (Nigrantha)¥~¹D¡A¨u©ó©Ó»{¨ä¥ýÅX©Ê¡C©y ¾\D.Chattopadhyaya, What Is Living and What Is Dead in Indian philosophy (New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1976), pp.218-9, 241, 423n, 615-6¡C (µù 17)¶É¦V©ó¬ì¾Ç¦Ó«D©v±Ðªº²z©Ê¥D¸qªÌ¨Ó¥§¥¬¯÷·íµM¤£ ·|ÄU¤H¤Å©Ï¸é¤@¤Á³æ¤l (monad)¡C¦L«×«eÁ`²Î©Ô¹F §J¨½µÎ«nÀ³·í«ü¥X¡R¨Ó¤ó¤§¦Ü´L³æ¤l¤D¤W«Ò¡A¥H¤U ¨Ì¦¸¬°¤Ñ¨Ï¡B¤H¡B°Êª«¡B´Óª«¡BµL¾÷ª«¡C¦¹¼h¯Å¤§ ÆF·P·½©ó¬f©Ô¹Ï¤§²z«¬½×¤Î¨È¨½¤h¦h¼w¤§§Î¦¡½×¡A «áªÌ¥H¤W«Ò¬°¯Â§Î©Î¯Â«ä©Î¯ÂÆF¡A²@µLª«½è©Ê¡Aª« ½è©Ê·U°ª«hºë¯«©Ê·U§C¡A¤W«Ò¥H¤U¨Ì¦¸¬°¤ÑÅ餧ºÍ ´¼¡B¤H¡B°Ê´Óª«¡BµL¾÷ª«¡B¦a¤ô®ð¤õ¥|¤j¤§¯À¤Î¥þ µL§Î¦¡ªº­ì©lª«½è¡C©Ô¤ó§ó¥¼«ü¥X¡R¬f®æ´Ë©Ò­Ò¡u ¥Í©R¤§½Ä³Ð©Î¾Ä¶i¡v(Elan vital)·½©ó¨È¨½¤h¦h¼w ¤§¡u¦]¼w¨Ó§Æ¡v (entelecheia)¡A¬f¤ó±ß¦~¨ü«k¿³ ªº¯ÇºéÄÒ©Ò¨ë¿E¦Ó¬Ô¨Ì¤Ñ¥D±Ð¡C¨Ó¬f¤G¤óªº¦³¯«½× ­~²§¯Ï¨º±Ð¤§µL¯«½×¡C (µù 18) YC2¡A¡u¨ã§Ù«K»X¡v¡A­¶8¡A12¡C (µù 19) YC2¡A¡u¨FÀ±«ß»ö­n²¤¡v¡A­¶10¡A14¡C (µù 20) YC2¡A¡u¥§§Ù¿ý­n¡v¡A­¶3¡C (µù 21) YC2¡A¡uºýªù±R¦æ¿ý¡v¡A­¶8¡A52-4¡C (µù 22) YC1¡A¡u§Ù²¨µoÁô¡v (±ëºô¸g¤ß¦a«~µÐÂħٸq²¨µo Áô¡v)¡A3¡R11 (¨÷¤T­¶¤@¤@)¡Q¡u§Ù²¨¨Æ¸q¡v­¶17 ¡C (µù 23) YC1¡A¡uÀ±ªû²¨¶r¡v¡A3¡R42¡Q4¡G18¡C (µù 24) ¦P¤W¡A4¡R45¡C (µù 25) YC1¡A¡u§Ù²¨°ÝÅG¡v¡A­¶28¡C (µù 26) ¦P¤W¡A­¶1¡C (µù 27) ¦Pµù¤G¤­¡C (µù 28) E.Zurcher, The Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptatian of Buddhism in Early Medieval China (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.Brill, 1972 ), pp.314-8¡C (µù 29) YC3¡A¡u§Ù±þ©ñ¥Í¤å¡v¤§¡u¥_ªùªø¹Ø±g©ñ¥Í¦À°O¡v ¡A­¶26¡C (µù 30) YC4¡A¡u¥¿³_¶°¡v¤§¡u¤T±Ð¤@®a¡v¡A­¶15¡C (µù 31) YC4¡A¡u¥¿³_¶°¡v¤§¡u¤T±Ð¦P»¡¤@¦r¡v¡A­¶22¡C (µù 32) YC4¡A¡u¥¿³_¶°¡v¤§¡u¤TÄ_¡v¡A­¶16¡C (µù 33) YC4¡A¡u¥¿³_¶°¡v¤§¡uº`¤ì¦º¦Ç¡v¡A­¶23¡C (µù 34) YC4¡A¡u¥¿³_¶°¡v¤§¡u¦òªk¥»¥X¦Ñ²ø 40­¶ ¡v¡A­¶4¡C (µù 35) YC4¡A¡u¦Ëµ¡ÀHµ§¡v¤§¡u²ø¤l¡v¤@¡B¤G¡B¤T¡A­¶13 ¡ã4¡C¥~°ê¤H¥ç¦hª¾¤Õ¦Ñ¦Ó©¿²¤©s²ø¡C¬ü°ê­ô­Û¤ñ¨È ¤j¾Ç­õ¾Ç±Ð±Â¤¦¹Ï·sµÛ¡u¯«¯µ¥D¸q»P¹D¼w¡v¡A¥þ®Ñ ¤»³¹¡A¥½³¹¡u¦u¹D¡v½Í¦Ñ²ø¡A¹ï²ø¾Ç¤F¸Ñ±o½§²L¡C ¨£Artbur C.Danto, Mysticism and Morality: Oriental Thought and Moral Philosophy (New York; London: Basic Books Inc., 1972), pp.10 1-23¡CMax Black, Caveats(ĵ§i) and Critiques : Philosophical Essay in Language, Logic and Art (Ithica & London: Cornell University Press, 1975), p.109¤Þ²ø¤l»ôª«½×¡u¨ä¥H¬°¡e¨¥ ¡f²§©óö¶(Âú)­µ¡A¥ç¦³ÅG(¿ë)¥G¡S¨äµLÅG¥G¡S¡v´_ ¤ªPaul Grice¦b1957¡A68¡A69µoªíªº¤T½g½×¤å¤wµª ²ø¤l¦¹°ÝÃD¡R²³¨¥ªº®t§O¦b©óÁ¿ªÌªº·N¦V¡C±d¤Dº¸ ¤j¾Ç±Ð±Â¡A»y¨¥¤ÀªR¾Ç®a¥¬©Ô§J¤wª`·N²ø¤lªº¨¥·N Æ[¡C (µù 36) ¨£©å¤å¡uµû¤¶·s®Ñ¡yºû®Ú¤°©Z¤§ºû¤]¯Ç¡z¡v¡AµØ¹´¤é ³ø¡u¤H¤åÂù¶g¥Z¡v¡A143¡ã4´Á¡A1977¦~1¤ë18¡B31 ¤é¡Q©Î¥x¥_¡uÃZ´ò¡v²Ä¤T¨÷²Ä¤T´Á¡A1977¦~9¤ë¡C ¸Ó®Ñ¤DAllan Janik & Stephen Toulmin¡A Wittgenstein's Vienma (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973)¡C (µù 37) ©å¤å¡u108 »P¦ò¾Ç¡v¡AµØ¹´¤é³ø¡u¤H¤åÂù¶g¥Z¡v 147´Á¡A1977¦~3¤ë16¤é¡C °Ñ¾\ K.R.Popper, "Scientific Reduction and the Essential Incompleteness of All Science," in Studies in the Philosophy of Biology; Reduction and Related Problems, ed. E.J.Ayala & T.Dobzhansky (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974)¡A pp. 259-84¡C³Ìªñ¬ü°ê´¶ªL´µ¹y¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¾Ç±Ð±ÂJulian Jaynes ¼¶®Ñ ¡u·NÃѤ§°_·½©ó¨â¤À¤§¤ßªº±Y¼ì¡v Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. ¥L «ü¥X¤H¸£¤À¥ª¥k¨â¥b¡A¦­´Á¤å¤Æ¦h°­¯«¡A¦]¬°¥k¸£ ¸ûµo¹F¡Q«á¨Ó¶i¤Æ¦Ü¥ª¸£¸ûµo¹F¡A©l¥Í·NÃÑ¡C¥ª¸£ ºÞ»y¨¥¡A¬O²z´¼ªº¤¤¤ß¡Cºë¯«¤Àµõ¥Ñ©ó¥k¸£¥Í¯f¡C ( «ö¡RÃø©Ç©v±Ð¨g¼öªÌ®e©öºë¯«¤Àµõ¡C) ¤W­z¡u¥Í ª«­õ¾Ç¤§¬ã¨s¡v­¶97¦³ John C. Eccles ½×¤å¡u¤j ¸£¤§¬¡°Ê»P·NÃÑ¡v¡§Cerebral Activity and Consciousness¡¨¤§Â²ªí¡R ¦ûÀu¶Õªº¥b²y ¦¸­nªº¥b²y »P·NÃÑÁpµ¸ µL¦¹Ápµ¸ »y¨¥ªº ´X¥G«D»y¨¥ªº¡A­µ¼Öªº Æ[©À§@¥Îªº(ideational) ¹Ïµe»P¹Ï®×¤§·P ¤ÀªRªº(analytic) ºî¦Xªº(synthetic) ³sÄòÄ~°_ªº(sequential) ¥þÅé¦Ó«D³¡¤À°_¨M©w§@ ¥Îªº(holistic) ºâ³Nªº¡A¦ü­pºâ¾÷ªº ´X¦ó¾Çªº¡AªÅ¶¡ªº «ö¡R¦¹ªí¼W­q¤F Levy-Agresti and Sperry©ó 1968¦~©Ò§@ªºªí¡C¦û¤W­·ªº¥b²y«ü¥ª¸£¡A¦¸­nªÌ¬O ¥k¸£¡Cholistic ¤DGeneral Smuts©Ò­Ò 41­¶ ªº¥Íª«­õ¾Ç¡R¦b¶i¤Æ¾úµ{¤¤¡A°_¥D¾É§@¥Îªº¬O¥þÅé ¡AÄ´¦p¾ã­Ó¦³¾÷Å骺¾¹©x¦Ó«D¾¹©xªº¦¨¯À¡C¨Ì¦¹ªí ¡AªF¤è­õ¾Ç¤D¥k¸£²£«~¡A»P©v±Ð©MÃÀ³Nµ²¤F¤£¸Ñ¤§ ½t¡Q¦è¤è­õ¾Ç¤D¥ª¸£²£«~¡A¬G­«ÅÞ¿è¤Î¤ÀªR­õ¾Ç¡A ¤×¨ä¬O»y¨¥¤ÀªR¡A¥B»PÃÀ³N¡B©v±Ð¤À¹D´­Åß¡C (µù 38) YC3¡A¡u¦Ëµ¡ÀHµ§¡v¤§¡uµØÄY¤£¦p¦á¨ö¡v¡A­¶18¡C (µù 39) YC3¡A¡u¦Ëµ¡ÀHµ§¡v¤§¡u¾§ÄÀ©M·|¡v¡A­¶6¡C (µù 40) ¦è¤è¤¤¥j­C±Ð­×¤h¶·¿í¸t¥»¿w (Saint Benedict) ©Ò­q¦w³h©M³Ò­Wªº²M³W¡A¤¤°ê¤¤¥jÁI®v¦Ê¤VÃh®ü¤] ¬°ÂOªL¨î«×­q¥ß¡u¤£¤u§@¡A¤£±o­¹¡vªº²M³W¡A¯f­« ®É¤]©Úµ´¥L¤Hªº¬IÃØ¡A¤ñ¸t¥»¿w§ó¦h°õµÛ¡CÃö©ó¦Ê ¤VÃh®üªº­^¤å®Ñ¡A¥i¾\ (1) R.H.Blyth, Zen and Zen Classics, Vol.4. MUMONKAN(µLªùÃö)(Tokyo: The Hokuseido Press; 1966, 72), pp.39-56 (2) Zenkei Shibayama, Zen Comments on the Mumonkon, tr. Sumiko Kudo (New York: Haprer & Row, 1974), pp. 32-41, (3) Isshu Miura & Ruth Fuller Sasaki, Zen Dust: The History of Koan and Koan Study in Rinzai (Lin-chi) Zen (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1966 ), pp. 156, 209, 231, 270, 273, 305, 319 , 406-7¡C (µù 41) YC4¡A¡u¦Ëµ¡¤Gµ§¡v¤§¡u¾§¦ò¬Û«D¡v¡A­¶24¡ã5¡C (µù 42) YC4¡A¡u¦Ëµ¡¤Gµ§¡v¤§¡u¾§¦ò°t¦X¡v¡A­¶57¡C (µù 43) YC4¡A¡u¦Ëµ¡¤Tµ§¡v¤§¡u¾§¦òÅP¦ò¡v¡A­¶42¡ã3¡C (µù 44) ±i¼á°ò¡uµØÄY½Í¥þ¡v¥iŪ¡C Garma C. Chang The Buddhist Teaching of Totality ( London: George Allen & Unwin, 1972 )¡C ±i¤ó©v¦è ÂñK©v¡A¤wĶµù The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa ( New York: Oriental Studies Foundation, 1962; New York: Harper & Row, abridged, 1970)¤Î¼¶¡uÁI¹D­×²ß¡vThe Practice of Zen (New York: Harper & Row¡A1959)¡C¡uµØ ÄY½Í¥þ¡v­¶16¿×¦¹¡u¥þ¡v¦üªk°ê­õ¤H­Ý¼Æ¾Çª«²z¾Ç ®a¤Ú´µ°ª(Psacal, 1623-62)ªºchilicosm¡C±i¤ó ³y¦¹¦rªí¥Ü¡u¤j¤d¥@¬É¡v¡C¯«¾Ç³N»ychiliasm¤D¥@ ¬É¥½¤é®É­C¿q­«Á{¤H¶¡¬°¤ý¤d¦~¤§»¡¡M¦ýchili¤§ §Æþ¤å­ì¸q«D¤d¡C­¶22³º±·ªZ«h¤Ñ¬°¥X¦âªº¦ò±Ð¾Ç ªÌ¡M¥L¦ü¨ü¤j³°¥|¤HÀ°¤Î¨ä±s¥Î¤å§²©ÒâÀ¬V¡C­¶53 µù1¿×¦èÂöǻ¡µøµØÄY¹Ò¬É¬°¡u³ø¨­¡v¤§¹Ò¡M¦¹¸ê ®Æ¦³»ù­È¡C (µù 45) YC4¡A¡u©ñ¥Í¹Ï»¡¡v¡A­¶78¡C (µù 46) ¤ý¤Ò¤l¡u±i¤l¥¿»Xª`¡v (¥_¨Ê¡R¤¤µØ¡M1975)¡M­¶ 121¡ã2¡C (µù 47) ¤j¯ë¯Iºn¸g (­»´ä¡R¦ò¸g¬y³q³B¡C¦ò¾ä2507)¡M27 ¡R22¡C (µù 48) YC2¡A¡uºýªù±R¦æ¿ý¡v¤§¡u¥ÌÅSÄé¤f 42­¶ ¡v­¶60¡C (µù 49)YC2¡A¡u¦Ûª¾¿ý¡v¡A­¶4¡ã26¡Cµ½ªù¤§²Ó¥Ø¤Dµ§ªÌ©Ò ¥[¡A¹L(´c)ªù¤§Á|¨Ò¤å¦r¸gµ§ªÌ²¤Æ¤Î§ó§ï¡C (µù 50) ºt°öªk®v¡u±ëºô¸gµÐÂħ٥»Á¿°O¡v(¥x¥_¡R¼z¤éÁ¿ °ó¡M1973)¡M­¶111¡C (µù 51) ¦P¤W¡A­¶391¡C (µù 52) ¦P¤W¡A­¶467¡C (µù 53) Walter Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, tr.E.L.Minar, Jr. (Cambridge , Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972), pp. 284-5, 355, 375, 378, 395, 397, 429, 467 -9. 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The Platform Sutra (New York: St. John's University Press; 1961, 71, 73), pp.30-41¡C (µù 73) ¥ÛÁ÷·¡¶ê(·O©úÁI®v¡A986¡Ð1039)®a©~¥þ¦{ (¤µ¼s ¦è¬Ù¤º)¡A¤Ü¦h·³¥X®a«á­u¨W¦{(¤µ¤s¦è¬Ù¤º) ´N¾Ç ©óÁ{ÀÙ¸q¥È¤§¤»¥@ªk¸Ç¨W¶§µ½¬L(µL¼wÁI®v¡A947¡Ð 1024 )¡A¶}­º¨â¦~¤£Àò±µ¨£¡A¬Y©]¦V®v®I«è¡A¸Ü¥¼ Á¿§¹«K¨ü´Î³Ü©M´x©C¡A¦¹¨è¶}®©¡A«á¬°Ä~©Ó¤H¡C¨£ ¡u¤­¿O·|¤¸¡v¨÷12¡A¡uÁI¹Ð¡v­¶158¡Ð9¡A212¡Ð3¡C (µù 74) °¨¯ª¹D¤@(709¡Ð78)¨£ÁI®v«n©¨ÃhÅý­@¤ß¥ø¹Ï¿i¿j ¦¨Ãè¡A¹E°Ý¡u°Z¦¨Ãè¤l¡S¡v®v¤ª¡R¡u¿i¿j¤£¦¨Ãè¤l ¡A§¤ÁI°Z±o¦¨¦ò¡S¡v¡uÁI¤£Ãö§¤ª×¡C¦òµL©w¬Û¡A°õ ©ó§¤¡A§Y¤£¹F¡C¡v°¨¯ª«K«ô¥L¬°®v¡A¤£¦A­«µø§¤ÁI ¡C¨£¡u¶Ç¿O¿ý¡v¨÷ 6¡A¡u¤­¿O·|¤¸¡v¨÷ 3¡A¡uµLªù Ãö¡vBlythĶ¸Ñ¥»­¶214¡Ð6¡A284¡Ð9¡A¡uÁI¹Ð¡v­¶ 269-70¡A¡uÁI©v¤§·½¡v­¶148¡Ð52¡C (µù 75) ­»ÅÉ´¼¶~(°Ñ¡uÁI©v¤§·½¡v­¶219¡Ð26) 44­¶ ¡u¨ÌÙì¤s(ÆF¯§)ÁI·|¡C¡v¯§©M©|ª¾¨äªk¾¹¡A±ý¿Eµo ´¼¥ú¡A¤@¤é¿×¤§¤ê¡R§^¤£°Ý¦¼¥­¥Í¾Ç¸Ñ¤Î¸g¨÷¥U¤l ¤W°O±oªÌ¡A¦¼¥¼¥X­M­L¡A¥¼¿ëªF¦è®É¥»¤À¨Æ¡A¸Õ¹D ¤@¥y¨Ó¡C¡K¡K(´¼¶~)ÃjµMµL¹ï¡A¡K¡K¹MÀË©Ò¶°½Ñ¤è »y¥y¡AµL¤@¨¥¥i±N¹S¹ï¡C¤D¦Û¹Ä¤ê¡yµe»æ¤£¥i¥R°§ ¡z¡A¡K¡Kª_ÃãÙì¤s¡K¡K©è«n¶§¡A¸@(¼z)©¾°ê®v¿ò¸ñ ¡A¹E¾Í¤î²j¡A¤@¤é¦]¤s¤¤ªß°£¯ó¤ì¡A¥H¥ËÄt¡BÀ»¦Ë §@Án¡A«X¥¢¯º¶¡¡A¹øµM¬Ù®©¡C¡v¨£¡u¶ÇÃþ¿ý¡v¨÷11 ¡C (µù 76) YC4¡A¡u¦Ëµ¡¤Gµ§¡v¤§¡u¤ý©Òªá¡v¡A­¶27¡C (µù 77)¼B¦Ê¶{¡u©P©ö¨Æ²z³q¸q¡v(¥x¥_¡R¾Ç¤£­ÂÂN¡A1975) ¡A­¶270¡Ð6¡C (µù 78)Chang Chung-yuan, Tao: A New Way of Thinking (A Translation of the Tao Te Ching with an Introduction and Commentaries), (New York: Harper & Row, 1975)¡C (µù 79) ¸Ó½×¤å¥Z©óPhilosophy East and West nos. 1 & 2(Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii; 1973, Jan. & Apr.) ªþ ÃÑ¡R §Ú´¿¨â¦¸­u¦L«×¡C²Ä¤@¦¸°Ñ¥[¦b¼w¨½¤j¾ÇÁ|¦æ¤§ ¡u¦L«×­õ¾Ç·|¤§ª÷ÁH¬ö©À·|ij¡v(Golden Jubilee Session of the Indian Philosophical Congress ; Dec. 28, 1965-Jan 3, 1966 )¡A ¸Ô±¡¨£©å ¤å¡u©v±Ð¡B©M¥­»P­õ¾Ç¡v ( ¥x¥_¡uÃZ´ò¡vÂø»x²Ä ¤Q´Á¡A 1976¦~4¤ë15¤é¡C) ²Ä¤G¦¸¥X®u¡u¥@¬É©v ±Ð¡B­õ¾Ç»P¤å¤Æ·|ij¡v ( A World Conference on Religion, Philosophy and Culture; March 30-April 14, 1977 )¡A¦b¥|¤ë¤@¤é«ÅŪ½×¤å¡u¤ñ ¸û¾§¹D¨â®a»P¦ò­C¨â±Ð¹ï°Êª«¬ÉªººA«×¡v ( A Comparison of Confucian, Taoist, Buddhist and Christian Attitudes towards the Animal Kingdom)¡C¦¹·|Á|¦æ©ó¦L«×«n¤èªº¡u¼q«°¡v°¨§ùÃh ( Madurai)¡A¦¹«°¤¤¥¡¦³¥|¤j¦L«×±Ð¼q¦t¡A¼q¤¤¦³ ¤d±ø¥Û¬W¦X¦¨ªº³Õª«À]¡C·|³õ¦b¥Ì¦a³Õª«À]ªþ³]¤§ ¼s³õ( auditorium )¡A·|ªø¤DãòÁn°ê»Ú¤§¦L«×­õ¤H T. M. P. Mahadevan («e¥ô°¨¼w©Ô´µ¤j¾Ç°ªµ¥­õ¾Ç ¬ã¨s©Ò©Òªø )¡A¨C¤é¶À©ü¥Ñ¦L«×¾ú¥v¤W³Ì¨ô¶Vªº­õ ¾Ç®a®á½~ù(Samkara¡A ¥i¯à¦º©ó820 A.D.)¤§68¥N ¶Ç¤HºtÁ¿¡A§l¤Þ¤Fªñ¸U¦W¥«¥Á¡C·í§½¼ÐÁ|13ºØ©v±Ð ¡R(1) Ï÷±Ð (2) §Æþ©v±Ð (3) ¥j®J¤Î©v±Ð (4) µS¤Ó±Ð (5) °ò·þ±Ð (6) ¦^±Ð (7) ¾§±Ð (8) ¹D±Ð (9) ÁI¦ò±Ð (10) ¦èÂæò±Ð (11) ¯Ï¨º±Ð (12) ¥j ¬ü¬w©v±Ð (13) ¦L«×±Ð¡C¦]¬°ÄÀ­{ªº½Ï¥Í¦a¦b¤µ¥§ ªyº¸°ê¹Ò¡A©Ò¥HÁܽХ§ªyº¸°ê¤ý­P¶}¹õµü¡C¥|¤ë¤C ¤é§ÚÀ³¦L«×²z¤u¾Ç°| ( Indian Institute of Technology ²ºÙ I. I. T. ) ¤H¤å¤ÎªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç¨t (Department of Humanities and Social Sciences) ¥D¥ôRamakant Senari(¤w¼¶¨â®Ñ¡R¡u¦s¦b¥D¸q¤§²z ©Ê¡vReason in Existentialism¤Î¡u 45­¶ ¦L«×­õ¾Ç¤§µ²ºc¡v Structure of Indian Philosophy¡A ³ß¥H¦s¦b¥D¸q¸ÑÄÀ¦L«×­õ¾Ç)¤§ÁܽР¡A­u©s¶RºtÁ¿¡u¹D®a»P¦ò®a¤§¤ñ¸û¬ã¨s¡v¡Cµ§ªÌ¶¶ «K¹CÄý´µ¨½Äõ¥d¤§¦ò±Ð¤Î¬Fªv¥jÂÝ¡A¤S°ÑÆ[¦L«×¥j «° Aurangabad (¦³¦^±Ð«Ò¬Ó Aurangzeb ¹Ó) ªþ ªñ¤§ Ajanta ¦ò±Ð¥Û¸]¦x (¦L«×ÃÀ³N²Ä¤G°êÄ_) ¤Î Ellora¤§¦L«×±Ð¡B¦ò±Ð¡B¯Ï¨º±Ð²V¦P¤§¥Û¸]¦x (²Ä ¤T°êÄ_¡A²Ä¤@¬°®õ®V³®¡A¤W¦¸¤w¹C )¡A©M©s¶RÂ÷®q ¤§Elephanta ¦L«×±Ð¥Û¸]¦x¡A¥H¤Î°¨¼w©Ô´µ«n¤è¤§ ¡u¤jÄ묹§ø¡v(Mahabalupuram) ®üÀØ¥Û¼q (²V¦X¦L «×±Ð»P¦ò±Ð)»P¯«´¼¾Ç·| (Theosophical Society) ¡C¦¹¾Ç·|³Ð¥ß©ó1886¦~¡A¤jÆUÀð¾À¦³¼Æ¤QºØ©v±Ðªº ¶H¼x¡A¨Ò¦p¥H¤Ñ¦r¥Nªí¤Õ±Ð¡A¥H³±¶§¥Nªí¹D®a¡A¤£ ¦p¥H¤¯¦r©M¹D¦r¡C¦¹·|¤§¹ÏµeÀ]¦h¼g©ó¨©¸­©Î¥¬©­ ªº¦ò¸g¡A¥ç¦³¥Xª©³¡¡A¤w¦L¦æ³\¦h©v±Ð­õ¾Ç¬ã¨sªº ®Ñ¥Z¡C²{¥ô·|ªøJ. B. S. Coats¥ý¥Í±ó°Ó·~¦Ó±q¨Æ ¤å¤Æ¡A¤w¦Y¯À¼Æ¤Q¸ü¡C¸Ó·|¤§¶éªL¾Ö¦³¥@¬É²Ä¤T¤j ¤§º_¾ð¡A¤@¥D·F¤§®ð®Ú³º­l¥Í¼Æ¤Q´Êº_¾ð¡A¾Ú»¡²Ä ¤@¤jªÌ¦b¥[º¸¦Uµª¡A²Ä¤G¤jªÌ¦b«n¤è Bangalore¡A ¤@»¡¦b®õ°ê¡C¯Ï¨º±Ð¯ª®v¤j¶¯Mahavira¤Î¨ä¥L©v®v ¤§ÀJ¹³¤Z§¤ªÌ¬Ò¦üÄÀ­{¤§¨I«ä§¤¹³¡A¶È®t¦bÀY¹¢¤Î ¤â¶Õ¡Q¤Z¥ßªÌ¦h¨ª»r¡A¦]¬°¤£³\¾Ö¦³¥ô¦ó°]²£¡A¥B ¦p²¦¹F­ô©Ô´µ©M¬f©Ô¹Ïµø¨­Å鬰ÆF»î¤§ÑèÕÀ¡A¦ó¥² ¬ï¦ç­¿¼WÑèÕÀ¡S¿üÄõ¤§¦ò±Ð¥Ñ¦L«×ªü¨|¤ý(Ashoka) ¤§¤l°¨°a¹F (Mahinda)¶Ç¤J¡A®q¤W¬Y¤s¤W¦³°¨¤ó¿Ë ¤âºØ´ÓªºµÐ´£¾ð¡C¿üÄõ¤§¾Àµe¤ÎÀJ¶ì±`¥H°¨¤óÄU§g ¤ý¤ÅÂy±þ³À¨à¬°ÃD§÷¡C§Ú¤Ö®É¬N©ó¦L«×¤å¤Æ¡Aªñ¦~ ¾\Äý¦L«×­õ¾Ç®Ñ¥~¡A¦AŪ²b®üªk®v¡u«n¶Ç¦ò±Ð¥v¡v ¡B¾å¶³ªk®v¡u¦L«×ÃÀ³N¡v¡BÁS¤å¶}¡u¦L«×¤å¤Æ¤Q¤K ½g¡v¡B¡u¦L«×¨â¤j¥v¸Ö¡v¤Î¡u¦L«×¾ú¥v¬G¨Æ¡v¡BÁS ºhÄRµ¥¡u¦L«×¥j¤µ¤k³Ç¶Ç¡v¡A¥[¥H¯d³s¦U«°³Õª«À] ¡BÃÀ³NÀ]¤Î¦W³Ó¥j¸ñ¡A»P¦L«×±Ð±Â¶¢½Í¡A©lª¾¦L«× ¾ú¥v¥Rº¡¾Ôª§»P·R±¡ªº´d³ß¼@¡A¦L«×ªº©v±Ð­õ¾Ç¬J ±À°Ê¥çºR´Ý¤å¤Æ¡C¦L«×¶Ç»¡ Ramayana ¤¤ªº¯«µU Hanuman ÁÓÂàÅܦ¨¤¤°ê¡u¦è¹C°O¡vªº¶W¯ÅµU¤l ( Supermonkey)®]®©ªÅ¡T¦L«×¤å¾ÇÂ×´I¤F¤¤°ê§@®aªº ·Q¶H¤O¡C¤¤°ê¬Y¨Ç¤j¾Ç¶}³]¦L«×­õ¾Ç½Òµ{¡Aºë³q¦L «×¾ú¥vªÌ¦³©uÛCªL±Ð±Â¡A©u¤ó»{¬°¦C¤l©P¿p¤ý½gÅ] ³N®vªº©_¹J§Ûŧ¦è®ÊªkÅ@¦b 285AD©ÒĶ¡u¥»¥Í¸g¡v ¤¤¡u¦ò»¡°ê¤ý¤­¤H¸g¡v²Ä24¸`¡C°Ñ¦ÒÄYÆF®p¡uµL¨D ³ÆÂN¦C¤l¶°¦¨¡v¤ÎZurcher¡u¦ò±Ð¤§©ºªA¤¤°ê¡v)¥i ±¤¦L«×ªº¤j¾Ç´X¥G§¹¥þ¤£ºÞ¤¤°ê­õ¾Ç¡A¦¹©Ç²{ª¬¥² ¶·§ïµ½¡C¦L«×ªº®Ñ§½©MÀ¸°|´X¥G¨S¦³¥~°ê¤Hªº§@«~ ¡A¥i¨£¨ä°ª«×¡u§Ú±Ú¤¤¤ß¡v (ethnocentric )¡C¦¹ ¡u±Ú¡v¥i¤j¥i¤p¡A¦]¬°¦L«×¬F©²©Ó»{ªº©x¤è°ê»y³Ì ¤Ö¦³¤Q¥|ºØ¡C¥_¤è¬y¦æ°ê»yHindi¡A«n¤è²±¦æTamil ¡A¿üÄõ«h¥ÎSinhalese 46­¶ (·à¤l±Ú»y¨¥)¡A©¯¦Ó¤£¤Ö°ê¥ÁÀ´­^¤å¡A§_«hÃø¥H±µ ¨ü·s¶i¤å¤Æ¡A­n¥L­Ì¦A¾Ç¤¤¤å¥i¯à¤Ó­V¨D¤F¡C Ãö©ó¯Ï¨º±Ðªº¨Î§@¡A©|¦³¡R Rev. J. Stevenson, The Kalpa Sutra and Nava Tatva: Two Works Illusrative of the Jain Religion and Philosophy (Varanasi: Bharat- Bharati, 1972)¡C H. Jacobi, The Jaina Sutras (Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidas, 1968)¡C Dayanand Bhargava, Jaina Ethics (Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidas, 1968)¡C Ãö©ó¦L«×«ä·Q¤¤ªº¸o´c°ÝÃD¡A©y¾\¡RArthur L. Herman, The Problem of Evil and Indian Thought (Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidas, 1976)¡C ¦Ü©ó¤ñ¸û­õ¾Ç¤§©¹©õ¨Î§@¦³¡R Confluence of Opposites, Scientific Study of Comparative Religion (New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, 1975)¡C ¼w¤å¤§¦L«×­õ¾Ç¥vĶ¦¨­^¤åªÌ¦³¡R Frich Frauwallner, History of Indian Philosophy, vols. I. & II, with an introduction by Leo Gabriel (ºû¤]¯Ç¤j¾Ç¤å¾Ç °|°|ªø), tr. V.M.Bedekar (Delhi Motilal Barnarsidas, 1973)¡C ²{¥N¦L«×­õ¾Ç¦³¡R Contemporary Indian Philosophy, Series I & II, ed. M. Chatterjee (Calcutta: Rupa Co., 1 975)¡C ­^°ê¤p»¡®a¡B´²¤å®a­Ý¸Ö¤H Aldous Leonard Huxley ( 1894-1963) ±ß¦~¤Û·Q²b¤g¹ê²{©óªF«n¨Èªº¦ò±Ð®q°ê©¬©Ô (Pala)¡A¼¶ªø½g¤p»¡¡u®q¡v (Island) ¦b1962¦~¥Xª©¡C¥L­ì ±ýÀH¯ª¤÷»®­E¾¤¤Î¥S Julian Sorrell ¦Ó§ð¥Íª«¾Ç¡A¦]¨¤ ½¤ª¢¡A§ï¤J¤û¬z­×¤å­õ¨â¾Ç¡A1925¦~®È¹C¦L«×»P²üÄݦL¥§¡C 1932¦~¥O¥Û¯}¤ÑÅ媺¡u¬üÄR·s¥@¬É¡v(Brave New World) ­± ¥@¡A»P¡u¤@¤E¤K¥|¡v¤Î¡u§Ú­Ì¡v(We)¦XºÙ¤Ü¥@¬ö¤T­Ó­t­±ªº ¯Q°U¨¹¡C¨Ì²ï¤h¤ñ¨Èªº³ß¼@¡u¼É­·«B¡v (Tempest)¡ABrave «D«i´±¡A¦Ó«ü¾B»\¨¸´c¤º¤ßªºµØÄR¥~ªí¡C¥L¦b¨÷­º¼x¤Þ¦s¦b ¥D¸q­õ¾Ç®a¨©ÂN­C¤Ò (Nicolas Berdyaev) ªº¸ÞÃã¡R¡y¦b¨º (·s)¥@¬ö¤¤¡Cª¾ÃÑ¥÷¤l©M¨ü±Ð¨|ªº¶¥¯Å±N¹Ú´K¥H¨DµÛ°kÁׯQ °U¨¹¡M¥H¦^¬Ô«D¯Q°U¨¹ªºªÀ·|¡C·U¤Ö¡u§¹¬ü¡v¡A´N¶V¦h¡u¦Û ¥Ñ¡v¡C¡z¥@¤H»~¸Ñ¥Lªº¬ì¾Çª¾Ãѱo¦Û¤D¥S¡A¨ä¥S«ü¥X½å§Ì¥þ ¾Ì¦Û­×¡A¥B»P¥Íª«¾Ç®a°Q½×®É»t¯qÂù¤è¡C(¨£Philip Thody, Huxley, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973, p. 51) 1959¦~ ¡u­«³X¬üÄR·s¥@¬É¡v (Brave New World Revisted) ¥Xª©«á¡A¥L²×©óºc«ä¥¿­±ªº²z·Q°ê¡C¶É¦V¬ì¾Çªº ¤p»¡®a¦VªF¤è¯«¯µ¥D¸q´M³VÆF·P¡AªF¤èªº¯Ï¨º±Ð©M²b¤g±Ð¥ç À³¥H¦ÛµM¬ì¾Ç­×¥¿¦Û¨­¡A§K­P¶Q¯f¬r¦Ó»´¤HÃþ¡C¦Û¥Ñ¥Á¥Dªº ¯u¹ê©¤g¡AµL½×¦óµ¥¥ú©Ç³°Â÷¡A¤´ 47­¶ µM»·³Ó¨âºØ²b¤g¡Rµêºcªº²b¤g¡A©M¦]±j¨D¶êº¡¦Ó­é¹Ü¥Á¥D¦Û ¥Ñªº²{¹ê¡u²b¡v¤g¡CªÇ¹D¥Í¬Û«H¡u¦òµL²b¤g¡v¡Cº«©³ªº²b¤g ²z·Q¥Ã¤£¥i¯à¹ê²{¡C